Acute experimentally-induced pain replicates the distribution but not the quality or behaviour of clinical appendicular musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon Ford ◽  
Mark Halaki ◽  
Joanna Diong ◽  
Karen A Ginn
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Mcgill Pain Questionnaire ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Provocation Testing ◽  
Experimentally Induced

AbstractObjectivesExperimental pain is a commonly used method to draw conclusions about the motor response to clinical musculoskeletal pain. A systematic review was performed to determine if current models of acute experimental pain validly replicate the clinical experience of appendicular musculoskeletal pain with respect to the distribution and quality of pain and the pain response to provocation testing.MethodsA structured search of Medline, Scopus and Embase databases was conducted from database inception to August 2020 using the following key terms: “experimental muscle pain” OR “experimental pain” OR “pain induced” OR “induced pain” OR “muscle hyperalgesia“ OR (“Pain model” AND “muscle”). Studies in English were included if investigators induced experimental musculoskeletal pain into a limb (including the sacroiliac joint) in humans, and if they measured and reported the distribution of pain, quality of pain or response to a provocation manoeuvre performed passively or actively. Studies were excluded if they involved prolonged or delayed experimental pain, if temporomandibular, orofacial, lumbar, thoracic or cervical spine pain were investigated, if a full text of the study was not available or if they were systematic reviews. Two investigators independently screened each title and abstract and each full text paper to determine inclusion in the review. Disagreements were resolved by consensus with a third investigator.ResultsData from 57 experimental pain studies were included in this review. Forty-six of these studies reported pain distribution, 41 reported pain quality and six detailed the pain response to provocation testing. Hypertonic saline injection was the most common mechanism used to induce pain with 43 studies employing this method. The next most common methods were capsaicin injection (5 studies) and electrical stimulation, injection of acidic solution and ischaemia with three studies each. The distribution of experimental pain was similar to the area of pain reported in clinical appendicular musculoskeletal conditions. The quality of appendicular musculoskeletal pain was not replicated with the affective component of the McGill Pain Questionnaire consistently lower than that typically reported by musculoskeletal pain patients. The response to provocation testing was rarely investigated following experimental pain induction. Based on the limited available data, the increase in pain experienced in clinical populations during provocative maneuvers was not consistently replicated.ConclusionsCurrent acute experimental pain models replicate the distribution but not the quality of chronic clinical appendicular musculoskeletal pain. Limited evidence also indicates that experimentally induced acute pain does not consistently increase with tests known to provoke pain in patients with appendicular musculoskeletal pain. The results of this review question the validity of conclusions drawn from acute experimental pain studies regarding changes in muscle behaviour in response to pain in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular adaptations to experimentally induced pain in the lumbar region: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Devecchi ◽  
Deborah Falla ◽  
Hélio V. Cabral ◽  
Alessio Gallina
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Abstract Background Numerous studies report changes in neuromuscular control in people with low back pain (LBP). However, the relationship between pain and altered neuromuscular control is challenging to unravel given the heterogeneity that exists in clinical populations. One approach commonly adopted to overcome this issue is the use of experimental pain models, but it is currently unclear if the effects of experimental pain are consistent between studies. Therefore, this planned study will systematically evaluate and summarise the effect of experimentally induced pain in the lumbar region on neuromuscular control at sites both locally and remote to the low back. Methods This protocol has been developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ZETOC, Web of Science, and grey literature will be searched up to August 31, 2021. Screening processes (title/abstract and full-text), data extraction, and risk of bias assessment will be conducted by two independent reviewers. Studies investigating the effects of exogenous pain models delivered to the low back region on neuromuscular control in healthy individuals will be included. Muscle activity and body kinematics will be the outcomes of interest. The comparisons of interest will be between baseline or control conditions and the experimental pain condition, as well as between the experimental pain and post-pain conditions. Randomised crossover and non-randomised studies of interventions will be included and their risk of bias will be evaluated with the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool or with the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool, respectively. A random-effect meta-analysis will be conducted for quantitative synthesis when clinical and methodological consistency is ensured. Quality of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. Discussion The current review will provide new insights to understand if and what neuromuscular adaptations are caused by pain experimentally induced in the lumbar region. Our findings will reveal which experimental pain model is able to better reproduce adaptations similar to those identified in people with low back pain, possibly contributing to improving our understanding of motor adaptation to low back pain in the long term. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020220130

scholarly journals Efficacy of Allergen Specific Immunotherapy for Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 200-213
Author(s):  
Madonna Nader Adly ◽  
Mahmoud Fawzy Mandour ◽  
Mahmoud Foad Abd Elaziz ◽  
Magdy Eisa Saafan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Sublingual Immunotherapy ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Allergen Specific Immunotherapy

Background: Allergic rhinitis is a common disease that affect nose causing sneezing, watery nose, nasal itching and redness that affect quality of life, productivity at work or school and may underlies complications (e.g. Asthma) for patients and are often accompanied by itchy eye, redness and lacrimation. Aim of the Work: The objective of this study is to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy treatment for patients with Allergic Rhinitis. Method: Our initial search generated a total of 23330 possible relevant titles. Titles, abstracts were preliminary screening so that 22565 were excluded. 154 articles were retrieved in full text the number of studies excluded after assessment of the full text 145, 9 articles met the eligibility criteria and fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review. Data Sources: Medline databases (PubMed, Medscape, ScienceDirect. EMF-Portal) and all materials available on the Internet upto 2018. Data Extraction: If the studies did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, they were excluded. Study quality assessment included whether ethical approval was gained, eligibility criteria specified, appropriate controls, and adequate information and defined assessment measures. Conclusion: Our systematic review provides evidence that Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets effectively relieve rhinitis symptoms in adults with allergic rhinitis, improve their quality of life and provide data about safety of Sublingual Immunotherapy as there were no serious side effects of using SLIT tablets. Nevertheless, the current evidence may be limited due to sample size and the heterogeneity between studies. Large sample size and multiple center RCTs on the efficacy of different formulations of SLIT drugs are still needed to provide further evidence and more precise recommendations.

scholarly journals The Influence of Experimental Pain on Primary Motor Cortex Function: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahian Chowdhury ◽  
Wei-Ju Chang ◽  
Samantha K Millard ◽  
Patrick Skippen ◽  
Katarzyna Bilska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Abstract Introduction: The primary motor cortex (M1) is a key brain region implicated in pain processing. Here, we present a protocol for a review that aims to synthesise and critically appraise the evidence for the effect of experimentalpain on M1 function. Methods/Analysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted. Electronic databases will be searched using a predetermined strategy. Studies published before April 2020 that investigate the effects of experimentally induced pain on corticomotor excitability (CME) in healthy individuals will be included if they meet eligibility criteria. Study identification, data extraction andrisk of bias assessment will be conducted by two independent reviewers, with a third reviewer consulted for any disagreements. The primary outcomes will include group level changes in CME and intracortical, transcortical and sensorimotor modulators of CME. A separate analysis using individual data will also be conducted to explore individual differences in CME in response to experimental pain. The meta-analysis will consider the following factors: pain model (transient, tonic, transitional pain), type of painful tissue (cutaneous, musculoskeletal), time points of outcome measures(during or after recovery from pain) and localisation of pain(target area, control area). Discussion: This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms within M1 that mediate experimentally induced pain, both on a group and individual level. Registration Number: The systematic review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (#CRD42020173172)

scholarly journals Electronic Health Interventions for Preventing and Treating Negative Psychological Sequelae Resulting From Pediatric Medical Conditions: Systematic Review (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Brook McGar ◽  
Christine Kindler ◽  
Meghan Marsac
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Psychological Sequelae ◽  
Full Text Review ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Anxiety Depression

BACKGROUND Pediatric medical conditions have the potential to result in challenging psychological symptoms (eg, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS]) and impaired health-related quality of life in youth. Thus, effective and accessible interventions are needed to prevent and treat psychological sequelae associated with pediatric medical conditions. Electronic health (eHealth) interventions may help to meet this need, with the capacity to reach more children and families than in-person interventions. Many of these interventions are in their infancy, and we do not yet know what key components contribute to successful eHealth interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to summarize current evidence on the efficacy of eHealth interventions designed to prevent or treat psychological sequelae in youth with medical conditions. METHODS MEDLINE (PubMed) and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published between January 1, 1998, and March 1, 2019, using predefined search terms. A total of 2 authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts of search results to determine which studies were eligible for full-text review. Reference lists of studies meeting eligibility criteria were reviewed. If the title of a reference suggested that it might be relevant for this review, the full manuscript was reviewed for inclusion. Inclusion criteria required that eligible studies (1) had conducted empirical research on the efficacy of a Web-based intervention for youth with a medical condition, (2) had included a randomized trial as part of the study method, (3) had assessed the outcomes of psychological sequelae (ie, PTSS, anxiety, depression, internalizing symptoms, or quality of life) in youth (aged 0-18 years), their caregivers, or both, (4) had included assessments at 2 or more time points, and (5) were available in English language. RESULTS A total of 1512 studies were reviewed for inclusion based on their title and abstracts; 39 articles qualified for full-text review. Moreover, 22 studies met inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Of the 22 included studies, 13 reported results indicating that eHealth interventions significantly improved at least one component of psychological sequelae in participants. Common characteristics among interventions that showed an effect included content on problem solving, education, communication, and behavior management. Studies most commonly reported on child and caregiver depression, followed by child PTSS and caregiver anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Previous research is mixed but suggests that eHealth interventions may be helpful in alleviating or preventing problematic psychological sequelae in youth with medical conditions and their caregivers. Additional research is needed to advance understanding of the most powerful intervention components and to determine when and how to best disseminate eHealth interventions, with the goal of extending the current reach of psychological interventions.

scholarly journals Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline for the Diagnosis of Patients with Positional Plagiocephaly

Neurosurgery ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. E625-E626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Mazzola ◽  
Lissa C. Baird ◽  
David F. Bauer ◽  
Alexandra Beier ◽  
Susan Durham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Positional Plagiocephaly ◽  
Evidence Based Guideline

Abstract BACKGROUND: No evidence-based guidelines exist for the imaging of patients with positional plagiocephaly. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review and evidence-based guideline is to answer the question, Is imaging necessary for infants with positional plagiocephaly to make a diagnosis. METHODS: The National Library of Medicine Medline database and the Cochrane Library were queried with the use of MeSH headings and key words relevant to imaging as a means to diagnose plagiocephaly. Abstracts were reviewed, and an evidentiary table was assembled summarizing the studies and the quality of evidence (Classes I-III). Based on the quality of the literature, a recommendation was rendered (Level I, II, or III). RESULTS: A total of 42 full-text articles were selected for review. Of these, 10 were eliminated; thus, 32 full-text were manuscripts selected. There was no Class I evidence, but 2 Class II and 30 Class III studies were included. Three-dimensional cranial topographical imaging, ultrasound, skull x-rays, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were investigated. CONCLUSION: Clinical examination is most often sufficient to diagnose plagiocephaly (quality, Class III; strength, Level III). Within the limits of this systematic review, the evidence suggests that imaging is rarely necessary and should be reserved for cases in which the clinical examination is equivocal. Many of the imaging studies were not designed to address the diagnostic utility of the imaging modality, and authors were actually assessing the utility of the imaging in longitudinal follow-up, not initial diagnosis. For this reason, some of the studies reviewed were downgraded in Level of Evidence. When needed, 3-dimensional cranial topographical photo, skull x-rays, or ultrasound imaging is almost always sufficient for definitive diagnosis. Computed tomography scanning should not be used to diagnose plagiocephaly, but it may be necessary to rule out craniosynostosis. The full guidelines document can be located at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-management-patients-positional-plagiocephaly/Chapter_2.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of Preference-Based Measures for Economic Evaluation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nicole Peters ◽  
Vanina Dal Bello-Haas ◽  
Tara Packham ◽  
Ava Mehdipour ◽  
Ayse Kuspinar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Objective. The aim of this review was to synthesize the psychometric properties of generic preference-based measures (PBMs) of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Methods. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Four databases were searched from inception to April 2019: OVID Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Studies were included if (1) the sample represented individuals with ALS, (2) a generic PBM was utilized and reported on, and (3) information on the psychometric property of a generic PBM was provided. Results. Ninety-one articles were screened, and 39 full-text articles were reviewed. Seven full-text articles were included in this review. The mean age of participants ranged from 58.1 to 63.8 years, and mean time since diagnosis ranged from 20.5 to 44.6 months. Two generic PBMs were found, the EQ-5D-3L (n = 6) and the Quality of Well-Being Self-Administered (QWB-SA) scale (n = 1). Convergent validity of the EQ-5D-3L was large against a global scale of self-perceived health (r = 0.60) and small to large against ALS specific HRQL measures (r = 0.19 to 0.75). For the QWB-SA scale, correlations were small against a generic measure (r = 0.21) and large against ALS specific measures (r = 0.55). The EQ-5D-3L discriminated across different disease severity; however, floor effects were reported. Conclusion. This review highlights the need for more rigorously designed studies to assess the psychometric properties of generic PBMs in ALS and the development of an ALS specific PBM that adequately reflects the health concerns of individuals with ALS.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Healthcare Economic Evaluation on Malaysia: An Overview on Cancer-Related Economic Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 76s-76s
Author(s):  
K.N. Ku Abdul Rahim ◽  
K. Hanin Farhana
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Health Economic ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Economic Studies

Background: In Malaysia, the inclusion of health economic evidence in health technology assessment improves the efficiency of the healthcare spending as it is used to promote the use of value for money in policy making. However, despite the potential of its use in ensuring the value of health technologies, its adoption is constrained by several factors. Limited number of researchers to produce economic evaluation, challenges in local data retrieval and lack of awareness and understanding of value-based concept among decision makers are among the most common limiting factors in Malaysia. Aim: To conduct a systematic review of economic evaluation studies in Malaysia and to explore and describe cancer-related economic evaluation studies in Malaysia. Methods: A comprehensive scientific electronic databases was conducted and the last search was done on 20 March 2017. Additional articles were identified from reviewing the references of retrieved articles and personal communication with the local higher institution representatives. Only full text of full and partial economic evaluations conducted in Malaysia were considered to be eligible for the review. Data extraction was performed by first author and verified by second author. Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist and Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument was used as the quality appraisal tools in view of variability of the quality of conduct and reporting of economic evaluation. Results: Based on the evidence search, 1014 titles were retrieved from the scientific electronic databases. After articles selection, 39 full text articles were finally selected to be included in this review. Of these, eight studies (20.5%) are cancer-related economic evaluation. Five cost-utility analyses, two cost-effectiveness analyses and one cost-minimization analysis were conducted in Malaysia up to March 20, 2017. The studies are on HPV vaccination in preventing cervical cancer, early screening of cervical cancer, treatment using monoclonal antibody for colorectal cancer, targeted therapy in HER2+ breast cancer and antiemetic in chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Among the interventions that were highly cost effective were screening strategies and HPV vaccination in prevention of cervical cancer as well as additional of granisetron as antiemetic regimens for chemotherapy-induced emesis. Conclusion: This review provides useful information on the overall scenario of economic evaluation in Malaysia, particularly on cancer which incur high financial impact to the healthcare system. Various type of analysis has been conducted in recent years which provide different findings and information such as the incremental value, local costs data, patient preference and economic burden. These information may be adopted by other researchers in conducting future economic evaluation by facilitating and accelerating the process of producing the evaluation.

scholarly journals Intervensi Perawatan Pasien Stroke selama di Rumah: Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624
Author(s):  
Muhammad Agung Akbar ◽  
Henny Suzana Mediani ◽  
Neti Juniarti ◽  
Ahmad Yamin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Stroke Patients

Stroke menjadi permasalahan yang saat ini terus mengalami peningkatan di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Penanganan pasien stroke membutuhkan perawatan jangka panjang yang komprehesif melibatkan tenaga kesehatan dan keluarga dalam perawatan sehari-hari. Tinjauan sistematis untuk menganalisis intervensi perawatan pasien stroke selama dirumah dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidupnya. Pencarian artikel dilakukan pada data base elektronik diantaranya Science Direct, Pro-Quest, dan EbscoHost. Kata Kunci yang digunakan adalah stroke patients AND home care OR home rehabilitation AND quality of life. Kriteria artikel dipilih 1)diterbitkan pada tahun 2012-2020 2)full-text 3)artikel dalam Bahasa inggris 4) penelitian RCT atau experimental study. Artikel diseleksi sesuai kriteria dan didapatkan total 5 dari 705 artikel menggunakan PRISMA. Tinjauan sistematis ini menemukan bahwa ada konsistensi temuan di antara penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa perawatan pasien stroke di rumah adalah pilihan yang efektif dalam pemulihan pasien dan berlangsung dengan optimal selama dirumah. Dukungan kualitas hidup pasien stroke membutuhkan perawatan lanjutan maka dari itu diperlukan peran dari keluarga yang mampu merawat serta menjaga pasien dengan baik sehingga pemulihan pasien dapat berlangsung dengan optimal selama dirumah.

Analysis of Amount and Style of Oral Interaction Related to Language Outcomes in Children With Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review (2006–2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 3470-3492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuzhat Sultana ◽  
Lena L. N. Wong ◽  
Suzanne C. Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Input Language ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Language Input

Purpose This systematic review summarizes the evidence for differences in the amount of language input between children with and without hearing loss (HL). Of interest to this review is evaluating the associations between language input and language outcomes (receptive and expressive) in children with HL in order to enhance insight regarding what oral language input is associated with good communication outcomes. Method A systematic review was conducted using keywords in 3 electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Keywords were related to language input, language outcomes, and HL. Titles and abstracts were screened independently, and full-text manuscripts meeting inclusion criteria were extracted. An appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the methodological quality of studies as poor, good, or excellent. Results After removing duplicates, 1,545 study results were extracted, with 27 eligible for full-text review. After the appraisal, 8 studies were included in this systematic review. Differences in the amount of language input between children with and without HL were noted. Conversational exchanges, open-ended questions, expansions, recast, and parallel talk were positively associated with stronger receptive and expressive language scores. The quality of evidence was not assessed as excellent for any of the included studies. Conclusions This systematic review reveals low-level evidence from 8 studies that specific language inputs (amount and style) are optimal for oral language outcomes in children with HL. Limitations were identified as sample selection bias, lack of information on control of confounders and assessment protocols, and limited duration of observation/recordings. Future research should address these limitations.

scholarly journals Technology Implementation in Persons With Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 316-316
Author(s):  
Sarah Hubner ◽  
Julie Blaskewicz Boron ◽  
Brenda Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Full Text Screening

Abstract Maintaining independence and quality of life (QOL) is a primary goal for adults. To support this goal, assistive and interactive technology (AIT) has been implemented to improve function and mitigate disease. To assess AIT effect on QOL in community-dwelling persons with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a systematic review was performed, and articles were prepared for meta-analysis. Electronic database searches were carried out in PubMed, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychINFO, and Web of Knowledge/Web of Science. Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between January 2010 and February 2020 were included in the search. Studies investigated personal AIT use aimed at improving QOL (i.e. satisfaction/mood, functional ability, psychological/social function, independence). Technology was implemented in the home in everyday life. Studies were limited to those including community-dwelling participants aged 65+ with a diagnosis or report of MCI or dementia. Initial search resulted in 2624 total titles. After duplicate deletion, 1546 unique articles were identified. After title and abstract deletion, 60 articles were screened at full-text. After full-text screening, five usable articles remained. Usable studies presented: 1) a digital tablet companion, 2) a digital reminder calendar, 3) a medication-adherence bottle, 4) an automatic medication dispenser, and 5) a comprehensive tele-care computer system. These studies provide outcome measures focused on functional improvement and/or subjective QOL, informing future research in AIT implementation. Additionally, the severe paucity of applicable studies indicates a need for increased primary research on intersections between dementia and technology in the home environment.

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