scholarly journals The Use of the Health Disparities Calculator in Analysis of the Lung Cancer Burden in Urban and Rural Populations in the Świętokrzyskie Province (Poland): 1999–2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Krzyżak ◽  
Katarzyna Piotrowska ◽  
Dominik Maślach ◽  
Paweł Sowa ◽  
Bartosz Pędziński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of the burden of lung cancer in urban and rural areas in the Świętokrzyskie Province in the years 1999–2010. The material for the study accounted for information about the number of new cases of lung cancer obtained from the Świętokrzyskie Cancer Registration Office in Kielce and data from the Central Statistical Office concerning the number of deaths due to lung cancer in the years 1999–2010. Crude and age-standardized incidence, mortality, and potential years of life lost rates were calculated separately for groups of men and women in urban and rural areas. A comparative analysis of coefficients in urban and rural areas based on Rate Ratio (RR) and Rate Difference (RD) was performed by using the Health Disparities Calculator. The average annual incidence of lung cancer among men was 18% lower in the urban population than in the rural, while the mortality rate was 16% lower. For women, the incidence and mortality rates were higher in urban areas as opposed to rural areas – by 48% and 54% respectively. The comparative analysis of the burden of lung cancer showed great diversity between urban and rural populations in the Świętokrzyskie Province.

scholarly journals They’re Dying in the Suburbs: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Geography in Louisiana (USA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Schnake-Mahl ◽  
Usama Bilal
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Us ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second Peak

AbstractThe national COVID-19 conversation in the US has mostly focused on urban areas, without sufficient examination of another geography with large vulnerable populations: the suburbs. While suburbs are often thought of as areas of uniform affluence and racial homogeneity, over the past 20 years, poverty and diversity have increased substantially in the suburbs. In this study, we compare geographic and temporal trends in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Louisiana, one of the few states with high rates of COVID-19 during both the spring and summer. We find that incidence and mortality rates were initially highest in New Orleans. By the second peak, trends reversed: suburban areas experienced higher rates than New Orleans and similar rates to other urban and rural areas. We also find that increased social vulnerability was associated with increased positivity and incidence during the first peak. During the second peak, these associations reversed in New Orleans while persisting in other urban, suburban, and rural areas. The work draws attention to the high rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths in suburban areas and the importance of metropolitan-wide actions to address COVID-19.RegistrationN/AFunding sourceNIH (DP5OD26429) and RWJF (77644)Code and data availabilityCode for replication along with data is available here: https://github.com/alinasmahl1/COVID_Louisiana_Suburban/.

Research and Standard Care: Lung Cancer in China

2012 ◽  
pp. 432-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony S. Mok ◽  
Qing Zhou ◽  
Yi-Long Wu
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Mutation Status ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Governmental Intervention ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Clinical And Translational Research

Overview: China has an enormous burden from rising tobacco consumption and lung cancer incidence. Governmental intervention on lung cancer prevention is insufficient, and both incidence and mortality related to lung cancer are still on the rise. Treatment guidelines are available, but heterogeneity in the quality of care between centers, especially the disparity between urban and rural areas, have resulted in inconsistent care to patients with lung cancer. Despite knowledge on molecular-targeted therapy, only a small fraction of patients have access to routine EGFR mutation analysis. Platinum-based doublet chemotherapy remains the most commonly used regimen irrespective of mutation status. On a positive note, both clinical and translational research on lung cancer are in rapid progress. The Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group (CTONG) has already contributed substantially to the care of patients with lung cancer and is expected to continue in the trend.

scholarly journals The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors upon Public Health on the Example of Podkarpackie Voivodship

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kretowicz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors upon Public Health on the Example of Podkarpackie VoivodshipThis study concentrates on intraregional disparities in health and spatial distribution of socio-economic factors that may affect health outcomes. The example of Podkarpackie voivodship rural and urban areas provides viable evidence for at least the partial importance of socio-economic variables in explaining intraregional health disparities. A total of eight factors that influence hospitalization rate were distinguished for urban and rural areas. Global regression models were created using the socioeconomic factors, which succeeded in explaining a considerable amount of variation in hospitalization rates both in urban and rural areas. Unfortunately, these models failed to explain local health determinants and so more sophisticated statistical models are necessary in order to fully understand intraregional health disparities.

scholarly journals Spatial and ontogenetic variation in susceptibility to polarotacticecological traps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Villalobos-Jiménez ◽  
Rochelle Meah ◽  
Christopher Hassall
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Ischnura Elegans ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Many

AbstractEcological traps occur when environmental cues become unreliable, causing an evolutionary mismatch between features of the environment and expected outcome that leads to suboptimal behavioural responses and, ultimately, reduced fitness. Ecological traps arise due to anthropogenic disturbance in the environment introducing novel elements that mimic those environmental cues. Therefore, ecological traps represent a strong selective pressure in areas where anthropogenic changes are frequent, such as cities. However, given the exposure to these traps over generations, localised adaptations to ecological traps might be expected in urban populations. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are one of the many taxa vulnerable to ecological traps: odonates use horizontally polarised light as a cue of suitable water bodies, although some artificial surfaces also reflect horizontally polarised light strongly, thus misleading odonates to oviposit preferentially on these unsuitable surfaces rather than in water. Here, we compare the behavioural response to horizontally polarised light between urban and rural populations of the odonate Ischnura elegans to test the potential for localised adaptations to ecological traps. Laboratory choice experiments were performed using field-caught adults from urban and rural areas, and individuals reared in controlled conditions to account for environmental variation and exposure to polarised light. We also studied the association between ontogeny and polarotaxis that has been suggested – but not empirically tested – by other studies. The results showed that field-caught rural individuals had a significantly stronger preference for horizontally polarised light compared to urban individuals, suggesting there is strong selection against polarotaxis in urban areas. However, individuals reared in controlled conditions showed no difference between urban and rural populations, suggesting that there has not yet been adaptation in urban odonates. Instead, adults developed a strong preference for horizontally polarised light with increasing age, showing that mature adults are more prone to ecological traps. Possible mechanisms driving this response are discussed.

scholarly journals Long-term changes of plumage between urban and rural populations of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn H Smith ◽  
Jesi Hessong-Brown ◽  
Sara E Lipshutz ◽  
Jennifer N Phillips ◽  
Catherine Rochefort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Urbanization is one of the most extreme forms of land transformation and results in changes to ecosystems and species compositions. As a result, there are strong directional selection pressures compared to nearby rural areas. Despite a surge in research on the different selection pressures on acoustic communication in urban and rural areas, there has been comparatively little investigation into traits involved with visual communication. We measured the plumage of museum specimens of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) from urban and adjacent rural habitats in San Francisco, CA, to assess the effects of divergent habitats on plumage. We found significant differences in dorsal plumage, but not crown plumage, between urban and rural populations that have been diverging over the past 100 years. Urban birds have increasingly darker and duller dorsal plumage, whereas rural birds in adjacent areas have plumage with richer hues and more color complexity. Our findings suggest a newly observed adaptation to urban environments by native species and suggest that many traits, in addition to acoustic signals, may be changing in response to urban selection pressures. Additional collections in urban areas are needed to explore likely divergences in plumage coloration between urban and rural environments.

scholarly journals Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in the PURE Poland Cohort Study and Their Relationship with Health Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4185
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zatońska ◽  
Piotr Psikus ◽  
Alicja Basiak-Rasała ◽  
Zuzanna Stępnicka ◽  
Maria Wołyniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Frequent Consumption ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
High Level

(1) Background: Alcohol is a leading risk factor of premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of alcohol consumption in the PURE Poland cohort study baseline. (2) Methods: A Polish cohort was enrolled in the baseline study in 2007–2010. The study group consisted of 2021 adult participants of urban and rural areas from the Lower Silesia voivodeship in Poland (747 men and 1274 women). (3) Results: In the overall study population, 67.3% were current drinkers, 10.3% were former drinkers, and 22.4% were abstainers. Current use of alcohol products was more prevalent in men (77.2%), people living in urban areas (73.0%), and people with a higher level of education (78.0%). The percentage of current drinkers decreased with increasing age (from 73.4% in 30- to 44-year-olds to 48.8% in participants aged 64 and more). The majority of participants (89.2%) declared a low level of alcohol intake. The chance of high level of intake of alcohol was four times higher in men than in women (OR 4.17; CI 1.64–10.6). The majority of participants (54.6%) declared most frequent consumption of low-alcohol drinks (beer, wine) and 21% declared most frequent consumption of spirits. Current drinkers had almost 1.5-fold higher odds of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than never drinkers (OR 1.49, CI 1.03–2.17; OR 1.66, CI 1.27–2.18, respectively). Former drinkers had higher odds for hypertension and CVD than never drinkers (1.73, CI 1.05–2.85; OR 1.76, CI 1.22–2.53, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In our cohort study, we observed several socio-demographic factors differentiating the patterns of alcohol consumption. The preventive programs should focus predominantly on men, people aged <45 years, and those with a higher level of education.

The Rural-Urban Continuum of Polarization: Understanding the Geography of the 2018 Midterms

The Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Johnson ◽  
Dante J. Scala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract This study of the 2018 congressional midterms demonstrates how voting patterns and political attitudes vary across a spectrum of urban and rural areas in the United States. Rural America is no more a monolith than is urban America. The rural-urban gradient is better represented by a continuum than a dichotomy. This is evident in the voting results in 2018, just as it was in 2016. We found that the political tipping point lies beyond major metropolitan areas, in the suburban counties of smaller metropolitan areas. Democrats enjoyed even greater success in densely populated urban areas in 2018 than in 2016. Residents of these urban areas display distinctive and consistent social and political attitudes across a range of scales. At the other end of the continuum in remote rural areas, Republican candidates continued to command voter support despite the challenging national political environment. Voters in these rural regions expressed social and political attitudes diametrically opposed to their counterparts in large urban cores.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is important for the physical and psychological health of the mother and child. Basic data on breastfeeding practice in China are out-of-date and vary widely. This study aimed to evaluate the progress of breastfeeding practice in China, as well as to explore the bottlenecks in driving better practice. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013–2018. The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were calculated for each year for subgroups of China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) in 2018 (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85). And the prevalence of EBF increased rapidly from 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) to 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) (Ptrend < 0.001), with an APC of 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). The highest EBF prevalence was observed in the East, but the Central area showed the highest APC. The prevalence of EBF decreased with increasing age within the first 6 months, especially after 3 months. Conclusion The prevalence of both EIBF and EBF in China are improving in recent years. The rural and West China could be the key areas in the future actions. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals for child health.

scholarly journals Green and Blue Space Availability and Self-Rated Health among Seniors in China: Evidence from a National Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Chensong Lin ◽  
Longfeng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Major River ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Many empirical studies have shown evidence of multiple health benefits provided by green and blue spaces. Despite the importance of these spaces, investigations are scarce in details for blue spaces rather than green. Moreover, most research has focused on developed regions. A limited number of studies on blue spaces can be found in China with a focus on the city level. Outcomes have been mixed due to varying research scales, methodologies, and definitions. This study relies on a national-level social survey to explore how the self-rated health (SRH) of senior individuals is associated with local green and blue space availability in urban and rural areas. Results indicate that the coverage ratio of overall green spaces and waterbodies around a resident’s home have marginal effects on SRH status in both urban and rural areas. In urban areas, living close to a park can is marginally beneficial for older people’s health. Regarding different types of blue spaces, the presence of a major river (within 0.3–0.5 km) or coastline (within 1 km and 1–5 km) in the vicinity of home negatively affects SRH among the elderly in urban areas. Close proximity to lakes and other types of waterbodies with a water surface larger than 6.25 ha did not significantly influence SRH. These findings not only evaluate general health impacts of green/blue space development on senior populations across the county but inform decision makers concerning the health-promoting qualities and features of different green/blue spaces to better accommodate an aging population in the era of urbanization.

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