Considerations on the Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Travel Motivations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
Simon Kuster ◽  
Thomas Bieger
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Trend Study ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Travel Motivations ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Travel demand is driven by various motives, which can be subject to changes. Trend study data show, that some motivations shift over time based on age, birth cohort or time-period. It is expected that the external shock of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affects travel motivations of an entire population across ages and cohorts. However, and interestingly, survey results show that there are hardly any period effects on travel motives during the pandemic. There are two possible explanations which require further investigation: Either motivations are much more stable than expected, or motivations are instantly adjusted according to the available options to avoid cognitive dissonance between increased desires and reduced opportunities as well as limited abilities to travel.

scholarly journals Consistency of Developmental Outcomes of 4-H Camp Experiences Over Time and Across Sites

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Baughman ◽  
Barry A. Garst ◽  
Nicholas E. Fuhrman
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Life Skill ◽  
Trend Study ◽  
Life Skill Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of the reported trend study was to examine consistency in youth life skill outcomes following exposure to 4-H camp. Parents of campers ages 9 to 13 were randomly sampled in 2001, 2004, and 2007 and asked to report changes in their child’s behavior following camp. Statistical analysis indicates an overall consistency in parent reports of youth life skill development over time. Life skills that showed consistent gains over seven years and across six 4-H educational centers included an enhanced ability for youth to take care of their own things and to share work responsibilities. Multivariate statistics revealed that a standardized instrument used with parents over time can produce valid and reliable results concerning the impact of experiential learning on youth.

scholarly journals Testing the waters: An investigation of the impact of hot tubbing on experts from referral through testimony

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Torkildson Perillo ◽  
Anthony Perillo ◽  
Nikoleta M Despodova ◽  
Margaret Bull Kovera
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expert Report ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Evidence Review ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Objective: The present research examined whether concurrent expert testimony, or hot tubbing, is able to reduce adversarial allegiance compared to traditional adversarial expert testimony. Hypotheses: We expected concurrent experts would display less adversarial allegiance over the course of a mock criminal responsibility evaluation, with case opinions converging between prosecution and defense witnesses. We expected adversarial experts would display escalating adversarial allegiance with increasingly divergent case opinions and that court-appointed experts’ opinions would remain stable over the evaluation. We also expected concurrent expert witnesses would produce more balanced expert reports and testimony than would adversarial experts. Method: Clinicians and advanced clinical doctoral students (N = 103) completed criminal responsibility evaluation training before conducting a mock criminal responsibility evaluation for the prosecution, defense, or the court. Half of the partisan experts followed traditional adversarial procedures and half followed a concurrent testimony process. Participants provided case perceptions at three time points: after initial evidence review, after completing expert report(s), and after testifying. Case perceptions included a dichotomous responsibility judgment, strength of responsibility ratings, and a cognitive dissonance measure. Results: Concurrent testimony did not eliminate adversarial allegiance. For perceptions of responsibility, there was no significant difference between adversarial and concurrent experts (ηp2 = .001), nor any change in participants’ ratings over time (ηp2 = .03); however, prosecution experts – across testimony types – rated the defendant as significantly more responsible compared to defense experts (ηp2 = .80). Concurrent and adversarial experts did not differ in the information provided in their expert reports and minimally differed in testimony content.Conclusions: Partisan experts showed adversarial allegiance regardless of expert testimony method, and we observed no attenuation of this bias over the course of the evaluation.

The case for early post-vasectomy semen analysis combining small non-motile sperm and azoospermia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Jane Hendry ◽  
Robert Small ◽  
Abdullah Zreik ◽  
Niamh Smyth ◽  
Joby Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: Post-vasectomy semen analysis timing and criteria guidelines have evolved over time. Through analysis of our unit’s practice of post-vasectomy semen analysis from earlier sampling protocols at 8 weeks to single sampling at 12 weeks then 16 weeks, the impact on success rates and patient compliance were assessed. In addition, the use of small numbers of non-motile sperm and azoospermia combined rates as a marker of sterility were examined. Methods: All patients who underwent vasectomy in 2011 (8 and 12-week samples), 2013 (12-week samples) and 2016 (16-week samples) were included. Patients were given written and verbal instructions explaining the sample delivery protocol and samples. χ2 Testing was used to compare patient compliance and the results of post-vasectomy semen analysis with significance set at P<0.05. Results: In total 1124 vasectomies were performed, with 21% ( N=232) of patients non-compliant with submitting samples at the requested time period. Azoospermia rates increased with a longer time to post-vasectomy semen analysis from 82% to 95%, P<0.001; however, declining compliance meant the proportion of patients given clearance remained the same (70% vs. 68%, P=0.32). Rates of small non-motile sperm declined over an increasing time to post-vasectomy semen analysis. Therefore combined azoospermia and small non-motile sperm rates remained stable over an increasing sampling time (95% vs. 99%, P=0.39). Conclusion: The use of earlier post-vasectomy semen analysis is recommended as patient compliance decreases with the time from vasectomy. When azoospermia and small non-motile sperm rates are combined the rates of success of the procedure remain the same over time therefore earlier testing at 8 weeks is feasible without compromising clearance rates. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this single centre audit.

scholarly journals Race Differences in Trajectories of Hopelessness Among U.S. Older Adults: Do Social Conditions Matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 257-258
Author(s):  
Uchechi Mitchell ◽  
Elena Graetz ◽  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Cubic Function ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Despite being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, suicidal ideation, and mortality among U.S. older adults, research on hopelessness and how it changes over time are lacking. Although hopelessness generally increases with age, levels of hopelessness may be influenced by race/ethnicity and social or economic factors. This study uses longitudinal data from 8,359 individuals from the Health and Retirement Study to examine race differences in trajectories of hopelessness from 2006 to 2018. We used linear mixed models to estimate trajectories of hopelessness for blacks, whites and Hispanics age 51 and older. The model was fit with a natural spline cubic function to model changes in time trends of hopelessness and the interaction between time and race. Models controlled for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health status, and psychosocial factors that influence hopelessness. We found that older Hispanics have the highest levels of hopelessness, followed by non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites. Trajectories of hopelessness were non-linear and differed by race. For older whites, hopelessness increased from 2006-2010 and then decreased until 2018. For older blacks, it decreased the entire time period but did so at a decreasing rate; and, for older Hispanics, hopelessness decreased from 2006-2012 and then increased thereafter. Our study shows that hopelessness generally decreased over time among older adults between 2006 and 2018 in race-specific ways, despite generally increasing with age. These findings suggest that race, age and period effects differentially influence trajectories of hopelessness. Factors contributing to these differences may be related to concurrent social and economic conditions.

Decomposing Changes in Inequality Over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Cathal O'Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Microsimulation Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Microsimulation models are often used to consider counterfactual situations and answering ‘what if’ questions. However, these methods typically decompose all changes that occur at a given time, but do not separately isolate the impact of individual components. Simulation-based methods have been developed that can be used to simulate counterfactual incomes if one or more component is changed. This chapter moves beyond Oaxaca–Blinder work, which decomposes differences in individual wages, to decompose the full household-income distribution and its components. Counterfactual income-generating processes (wages, employment, etc.) are simulated to assess the impact of alternative situations, such as the degree of inequality, using income-generating processes from another time period (or country). This chapter utilizes, as a case study, Ireland, a developed country that experienced one of the highest sustained growth periods in recent decades. The chapter describes the estimation of simulation using an income-generation model, and then describes the Shapley-value decomposition. We use the microsimulation framework to understand changes in inequality, as the distribution of purchasing power associated with disposable income changed non-uniformly in terms of demography, labour market, market income, and public policy using an Oaxaca–Blinder–Bourguignon decomposition.

scholarly journals Pasture renewal practices, experiences and attitudes: a comparison over time

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rijswijk ◽  
R. Brazendale
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Informed Decisions ◽  
Farmer Behaviour ◽  
Leadership Group ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

In 2010, Waikato and Bay of Plenty dairy farmers were surveyed by the Pasture Improvement Leadership Group (PILG) to better understand their attitudes, confidence and ability to make informed decisions on their pasture renewal practices. To assess changes in farmer behaviour towards pasture renewal and to measure the impact of the PILG, the survey was repeated in 2015. In comparison to 2010, the 2015 survey results were more positive. Farmers' confidence, attitude and satisfaction with their ability to successfully renew pasture, and to improve pasture performance have increased. However, some scepticism remains about time investment and the financial return from pasture renewal. These results suggest that the PILG aim of ensuring that consistent messages relating to pasture renewal are provided to farmers, appears to have been met. Farmers indicated in the 2015 survey that not only is there now better information available in comparison to 2010, the messages are also more consistent across the industry. Keywords: pasture renewal, pasture performance, farmer confidence, farmer attitude, communication

scholarly journals Variations in the Occurrence of Resistance Phenotypes and Carbapenemase Genes Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolates in 20 Years of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S23-S33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Castanheira ◽  
Lalitagauri M Deshpande ◽  
Rodrigo E Mendes ◽  
Rafael Canton ◽  
Helio S Sader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Antimicrobial Surveillance ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background A total of 178 825 Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 199 hospitals from 42 countries worldwide over 20 years (1997 to 2016) of the SENTRY Program were susceptibility tested by reference broth microdilution methods. Methods Trends in percentages over time were analyzed by the χ2 test. Results were reported as the percentage difference between the first (1997–2000) and the last (2013–2016) time period. Results Enterobacteriaceae exhibiting resistance to cephalosporins (extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] phenotype) and carbapenem resistance (CRE) significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05; χ2 test) from 10.3% to 24.0% and 0.6% to 2.9%, respectively. Similar trends were noted for all regions and infection sources. Klebsiella pneumoniae mainly drove the CRE increase. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) rates significantly increased from 7.3% to 15.3% overall, with important trends in all regions and infection sources. Significant increases were noted for MDR K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae (2.0% to 5.5% overall), and aminoglycoside-resistant E. coli (7.0% to 18.0%) and K. pneumoniae (18.1% to 26.9%) over time in North America and Latin America. Carbapenemase-encoding genes were screened after 2007, and the occurrence of these genes was compared for 2007–2009 and 2014–2016. Among 1298 CRE isolates from the 2 study periods, blaKPC was detected among 186 (49.7%) and 501 (54.2%) isolates in 2007–2009 and 2014–2016, respectively. Metallo-β-lactamase genes were detected among 4.3% of the isolates from 2007 to 2009 and 12.7% of the isolates from 2014 to 2016, mainly due to the dissemination of isolates carrying blaNDM. Genes encoding IMP and VIM enzymes were observed in 1.9% and 2.4% (7 and 9 isolates) of the isolates from 2007 to 2009 and 0.4% and 1.9% of the isolates from 2014 to 2016. OXA-48 and variants increased from 4.3% in 2007–2009 to 12.6% in 2014–2016 (mainly in Europe). Conclusions A change in the epidemiology of carbapenemases and important increases in ESBL, CRE, MDR, and other resistant phenotypes among virtually all geographic regions and infection sources were noted in the 20 years of surveillance, highlighting the impact of antimicrobial resistance and the importance of its continuous monitoring.

scholarly journals Increasing trends in incidence of preterm birth among 2.5 million newborns in Guangzhou, China, 2001 to 2016: an age-period-cohort analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua Lu ◽  
Dongmei Wei ◽  
Songying Shen ◽  
Xiaoyan Xia ◽  
Jianrong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The incidence of preterm birth (PTB, < 37 weeks of gestation) has been increasing in China and many other countries in recent years. However, the causes of the increase were not well understood. The current study aims to examine the contribution of maternal age, period of delivery, and maternal birth cohorts to long-term trends in preterm birth in Guangzhou, China. Methods In a retrospective population-based study, data were obtained from 2,535,000 singleton live births with 20–43 gestational weeks from 2001 to 2016 and recorded in the Guangzhou Perinatal Health Care and Delivery Surveillance System, in China. The age-period-cohort models were applied to investigate the temporal changes in incidences of PTB, stratified by parity. Results The incidence of preterm birth steadily increased from 5.1% in 2001 to 5.9% in 2016, with larger rise in primiparous mothers (from 5.0 to 5.9%) compared to multiparous mothers (from 5.6 to 5.9%). A J-shaped and a V-shaped relationship were found between maternal age and PTB among primiparous and multiparous mothers, respectively. A linear cohort effect was found among primiparous mothers with the lowest risk of PTB [risk ratio (RR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74 to 0.89] in 1961 and the highest risk (RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.13) in 1997 compared to the mothers born in 1981. An inverse U-shaped association between maternal birth cohort and PTB was found in multiparous mothers. There were weak decreasing period effects on the trend of overall PTB among multiparous mothers and on the trend of extremely (< 27 weeks) or very (28–31 weeks) PTB among both parity groups during the period of 2001–2012. Conclusions Our findings showed the PTB incidences had been increasing in the past 16 years in Guangzhou, China and both maternal age and cohort effects contributed to these trends. Further studies are recommended on the impact of altered maternal age and parity on premature births and corresponding public education and public health policies.

Systems change for suicide prevention among adolescents: a rural Wisconsin county approach

2020 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2019-043525
Author(s):  
Sara Kohlbeck ◽  
Nicole Fumo ◽  
Stephen Hargarten
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Systems Change ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
County Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Over Time ◽  
State Suicide Rate

BackgroundSuicide is the tenth leading cause of death in Wisconsin. Between the years 2012 and 2016, rural counties in Wisconsin had statistically significantly higher rates of suicide than urban counties. Counties in northern and western Wisconsin have some of the highest rates of suicide, with several counties having rates nearly double the state suicide rate for the same time period.Study aimThis study investigates the utility of a systems-level, primary prevention suicide prevention strategy in reducing suicide in a rural Wisconsin county. This project focuses upstream to promote behavioural health resiliency and decrease risk factors for suicide.ResultsCounty-level suicide rates decreased over time. Youth Risk Behaviour Survey results demonstrate that the percentage of students in the high school who report that they have an adult in the school to turn to for support increased by 11%. In addition, the number of students reporting a suicide attempt over the past 12 months decreased from 8.4% to 7.2%. Trust among project partners remained above 75% across the three survey timepoints, and the results demonstrated that power became more equally dispersed over time. There was an increase in community knowledge in where to go for help in an emotional crisis.DiscussionSystems change to prevent suicide is a complex undertaking but can affect change at the county level. In our study county, we learnt that a strong implementation body (our Partnership Council) and buy-in from key partners is essential in creating change at the systems level.

scholarly journals A method for measuring investigative journalism in local newspapers

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2105155118
Author(s):  
Eray Turkel ◽  
Anish Saha ◽  
Rhett Carson Owen ◽  
Gregory J. Martin ◽  
Shoshana Vasserman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Print Advertising ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
News Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Major changes to the operation of local newsrooms—ownership restructuring, layoffs, and a reorientation away from print advertising—have become commonplace in the last few decades. However, there have been few systematic attempts to characterize the impact of these changes on the types of reporting that local newsrooms produce. In this paper, we propose a method to measure the investigative content of news articles based on article text and influence on subsequent articles. We use our method to examine over-time and cross-sectional patterns in news production by local newspapers in the United States over the past decade. We find surprising stability in the quantity of investigative articles produced over most of the time period examined, but a notable decline in the last 2 y of the decade, corresponding to a recent wave of newsroom layoffs.

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