Decomposing Changes in Inequality Over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Cathal O'Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Microsimulation Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Microsimulation models are often used to consider counterfactual situations and answering ‘what if’ questions. However, these methods typically decompose all changes that occur at a given time, but do not separately isolate the impact of individual components. Simulation-based methods have been developed that can be used to simulate counterfactual incomes if one or more component is changed. This chapter moves beyond Oaxaca–Blinder work, which decomposes differences in individual wages, to decompose the full household-income distribution and its components. Counterfactual income-generating processes (wages, employment, etc.) are simulated to assess the impact of alternative situations, such as the degree of inequality, using income-generating processes from another time period (or country). This chapter utilizes, as a case study, Ireland, a developed country that experienced one of the highest sustained growth periods in recent decades. The chapter describes the estimation of simulation using an income-generation model, and then describes the Shapley-value decomposition. We use the microsimulation framework to understand changes in inequality, as the distribution of purchasing power associated with disposable income changed non-uniformly in terms of demography, labour market, market income, and public policy using an Oaxaca–Blinder–Bourguignon decomposition.

Three stages of entrepreneurial orientation: the founder’s role

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn Ljungkvist ◽  
Börje Boers ◽  
Joachim Samuelsson
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the development of the five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) over time by taking a founder’s perspective. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on an in-depth single-case study. It combines semi-structured interviews in the company with archival data, such as annual reports, press clips and interviews in business magazines. Findings The results indicate that the EO dimensions change from being personalized and directly solution-oriented to being intangible value-creation-oriented. Originality/value By suggesting ownership-based EO configurations, this study contributes insights into how different ownership forms propel EO. These configurations – that is, personal, administrative based and intangible focused – show the impact of the EO dimensions and provide a systematic and theoretical understanding of EO change over time.

The Impact of a BI-Supported Performance Measurement System on a Public Police Force

2019 ◽  
pp. 509-527
Author(s):  
Elad Moskovitz ◽  
Adir Even
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Business Intelligence ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Performance Measurement System ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Relative Metrics ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact

Performance measurement, as an effective tool for implementing organizational strategy and assisting ongoing control and surveillance, is broadly adopted today. The performance measurement system (PMS) explored in this case study was implemented, using business intelligence (BI) technologies, for a public police force. The system lets police commanders view and analyze the performance scores of their own units and get feedback on the success of their activities. The study examines the system's impact, through analysis of the metric results over a time period of five years. The results show that the vast majority of the metrics examined indeed improved. Further, the results underscore the moderation effect of relative metrics weights, as well as the different behavior of metrics that reflect activity versus those that reflect outcomes. The study underscores both the positive and the negative aspects of those results, and discusses their implications for future PMS implementation with BI technologies.

Federation of Malaysia

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-158
Author(s):  
Daniel Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Judicial Discretion ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Capital Cases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

As with Chapters 3 and 4, the case study on Malaysia begins with a thorough description of the country’s death penalty laws and practice, and Malaysia’s publicly known clemency practice over the period under analysis (1991–2016). Thereafter, for both the Malaysian (Chapter 5) and Indonesian (Chapter 6) cases, the potential explanatory factors for clemency incidence are more complex than for Thailand and Singapore, given these two jurisdictions’ more moderate rates of capital clemency and fluctuating political policies on capital punishment over time. Available statistics suggest that Malaysia’s clemency rate is moderately high, at between 55 and 63 per cent of finalized capital cases. Malaysia is a federal state where pardons are granted by the hereditary rulers or appointed state governors in state-based cases, or by the Malaysian king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) in federal and security cases, all on the advice of specially constituted Pardons Boards. Chapter 5 presents the following two explanations for Malaysia’s restrictions on death penalty clemency: prosecutorial/judicial discretion and detention without trial in capital cases, and the Federal Attorney-General’s constitutional role on the State and Federal Pardons Boards. As to why Malaysia’s clemency rate has not then fallen to the miniscule level seen in neighbouring Singapore (with both nations closely comparable, as they were once part of the same Federation of Malaya), Chapter 5 points to the relevant paperwork placed before each Pardons Board, the merciful role played by the Malay monarchy, and the impact of excessively long stays on death row before clemency decisions are reached.

On the Applicability of Analytical Supply Chain Disruption Models for Selecting the Optimum Contingency Strategies for Electronic Supply Chain Disruption Management: A Comparison With Simulation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Allison ◽  
Peter Sandborn ◽  
Bo Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Supply Chain Disruption ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Disruption Mitigation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Due to the nature of the manufacturing and support activities associated with long life cycle products, the parts that products required need to be dependably and consistently available. However, the parts that comprise long lifetime products are susceptible to a variety of supply chain disruptions. In order to minimize the impact of these unavoidable disruptions to production, manufacturers can implement proactive mitigation strategies. Two mitigation strategies in particular have been proven to decrease the penalty costs associated with disruptions: second sourcing and buffering. Second sourcing involves selecting two distinct suppliers from which to purchase parts over the life of the part’s use within a product or organization. Second sourcing reduces the probability of part unavailability (and its associated penalties), but at the expense of qualification and support costs for multiple suppliers. An alternative disruption mitigation strategy is buffering (also referred to as hoarding). Buffering involves stocking enough parts in inventory to satisfy the forecasted part demand (for both manufacturing and maintenance requirements) for a fixed future time period so as to offset the impact of disruptions. Careful selection of the mitigation strategy (second sourcing, buffering, or a combination of the two) is key, as it can dramatically impact a part’s total cost of ownership. This paper studies the effectiveness of traditional analytical models compared to a simulation-based approach for the selection of an optimal disruption mitigation strategy. A verification case study was performed to check the accuracy and applicability of the simulation-based model. The case study results show that the simulation model is capable of replicating results from operations research models, and overcomes significant scenario restrictions that limit the usefulness of analytical models as decision-making tools. Four assumptions, in particular, severely limit the realism of most analytical models but do not constrain the simulation-based model. These limiting assumptions are: 1) no fixed costs associated with part orders, 2) infinite-horizon, 3) perfectly reliable backup supplier, and 4) disruptions lasting full ordering periods (as opposed to fractional periods).

Political Parties and Social Policy

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Stonecash
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Party Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Party battles for control of government are seen as efforts to reshape public policy. In prior decades, the impact of parties was limited by divided control of branches of government. The impact of party control was also limited because neither party had a distinctive constituency with clear and different policy goals. Over time, realignment has produced parties with very different electoral bases. Republicans now are more unified and willing to cut government while Democrats are more supportive of government programs. This chapter reviews our expectations of the impact of parties, the changes that have made party control mean more, and how these changes affect policy areas like economic policy, welfare, and health care.

scholarly journals Climate Aridity under Changing Conditions and Implications for the Agricultural Sector: Italy as a Case Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Salvati ◽  
Marco Zitti ◽  
Rosanna Di Bartolomei ◽  
Luigi Perini
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
The Impact

A comprehensive diachronic analysis (1951–2010) of precipitation and temperature regimes has been carried out at the national and regional scale in Italy to investigate the impact of climate aridity on the agricultural system. Trends in climate aridity have been also analysed using UNEP aridity index which is the ratio between rainfall and potential evapotranspiration on a yearly basis. During the examined time period, and particularly in the most recent years, a gradual reduction in rainfall and growing temperatures have been observed which have further widened the gap between precipitation amounts and water demand in agriculture.

scholarly journals Intellectual Capital Change Management in the Construction Industry—The Case of an Inter-Organisational Collaboration

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
José Vale ◽  
Nádia Barbosa ◽  
Rui Bertuzi ◽  
Ana Maria Bandeira ◽  
Vera Teixeira Vale
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Intellectual Assets ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Nowadays, due to the complexity of the relationships with external entities, along with the importance that traditional media and the innovative social media have in creating competitive advantages, it is necessary for companies to collaborate in order to create Intellectual Capital (IC). Although collaboration is crucial to create IC, there is a paucity in literature regarding the effects that a specific type of collaboration may have on the IC of an organisation, specifically a franchising with a mediatic actor. Moreover, literature addressing IC creation and destruction over time is scarce, especially when applied to the construction industry. This paper’s goal is twofold: understanding the longitudinal changes of a construction SME’s Intellectual Capital, regarding its creation and destruction; analysing the impact that a specific inter-organisational collaboration franchising—with a mediatic actor may have on such IC. A single in-depth case study was conducted, allowing to conclude that the actions of an organisation can develop both Intellectual Assets and Intellectual Liabilities. It was also concluded that inter-organisational collaboration, through a franchise with an actor with experience in communication, can generate, in the long term, positive and innovative effects regarding the different IC components, namely the Relational one. More specifically, the paper allowed to ascertain that an organisation’s IC changes over time in a dynamic fashion, i.e., Intellectual Liabilities which emerged before an innovative collaboration can be transformed into Intellectual Assets and create competitive advantages. This paper contributes to stress the importance of managing IC, not only when it is created, but namely in when it can be destroyed, in a context of inter-organisational collaborations applied to a construction SME.

scholarly journals Tracking the Evolution of Customer Purchase Behavior Segmentation via a Fragmentation-Coagulation Process

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Luo ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Irena Koprinska ◽  
Shlomo Berkovsky ◽  
Fang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Customer Segmentation ◽  
Customer Behavior ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Coagulation Process ◽  
Purchase Rate ◽  
Promotion Campaigns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Customer behavior modeling is important for businesses in order to understand, attract and retain customers. It is critical that the models are able to track the dynamics of customer behavior over time. We propose FC-CSM, a Customer Segmentation Model based on a Fragmentation-Coagulation process, which can track the evolution of customer segmentation, including the splitting and merging of customer groups. We conduct a case study using transaction data from a major Australian supermarket chain, where we: 1) show that our model achieves high fitness of purchase rate, outperforming models using mixture of Poisson processes; 2) compare the impact of promotions on customers for different products; and 3) track how customer groups evolve over time and how individual customers shift across groups. Our model provides valuable information to stakeholders about the different types of customers, how they change purchase behavior, and which customers are more receptive to promotion campaigns.

The case for early post-vasectomy semen analysis combining small non-motile sperm and azoospermia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Jane Hendry ◽  
Robert Small ◽  
Abdullah Zreik ◽  
Niamh Smyth ◽  
Joby Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: Post-vasectomy semen analysis timing and criteria guidelines have evolved over time. Through analysis of our unit’s practice of post-vasectomy semen analysis from earlier sampling protocols at 8 weeks to single sampling at 12 weeks then 16 weeks, the impact on success rates and patient compliance were assessed. In addition, the use of small numbers of non-motile sperm and azoospermia combined rates as a marker of sterility were examined. Methods: All patients who underwent vasectomy in 2011 (8 and 12-week samples), 2013 (12-week samples) and 2016 (16-week samples) were included. Patients were given written and verbal instructions explaining the sample delivery protocol and samples. χ2 Testing was used to compare patient compliance and the results of post-vasectomy semen analysis with significance set at P<0.05. Results: In total 1124 vasectomies were performed, with 21% ( N=232) of patients non-compliant with submitting samples at the requested time period. Azoospermia rates increased with a longer time to post-vasectomy semen analysis from 82% to 95%, P<0.001; however, declining compliance meant the proportion of patients given clearance remained the same (70% vs. 68%, P=0.32). Rates of small non-motile sperm declined over an increasing time to post-vasectomy semen analysis. Therefore combined azoospermia and small non-motile sperm rates remained stable over an increasing sampling time (95% vs. 99%, P=0.39). Conclusion: The use of earlier post-vasectomy semen analysis is recommended as patient compliance decreases with the time from vasectomy. When azoospermia and small non-motile sperm rates are combined the rates of success of the procedure remain the same over time therefore earlier testing at 8 weeks is feasible without compromising clearance rates. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this single centre audit.

scholarly journals Ecodesign from High School to Bachelor Level: A French Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3261-3270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Perpignan ◽  
Vincent Robin ◽  
Yacine Baouch ◽  
Benoit Eynard
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
French Case ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

AbstractNowadays, our society needs that an awareness be made about our impact on the planet. Many more or less alarmist reports tell us that there is a need to change our consumption patterns, production and energy consumption … One of the main axes to achieve these goals is education. Thus integrating sustainable development into the skills of future engineers is an essential challenge but above all a necessity to modify and reduce our impact on the environment and to allow a global understanding of the complexity of our society. For this, companies must also evolve. Some will do so in a strategy of greening their image, others will have to comply with the various regulations of their sector of activity and a final category of these companies will use this opportunity as a vector of innovation. Each at their level will make a contribution, the integration over time of new sustainability skills within their staff will expand their action. In this article, we will focus our study on the integration of ecodesign in the industry and the impact that this generates in terms of skills to acquire, values to evolve and knowledge to master.

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