scholarly journals Diachronic complexification and isolation

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Raffaela Baechler

Abstract One may hear that over time languages tend to simplify their grammar and notably their morphological system. This intuition, probably based on linguists’ knowledge of the rich inflectional systems of older Indo-European languages, has been challenged, particularly by sociolinguistic typologists (e.g. Trudgill 2011; Braunmuller 1984, 2003; Nichols 1992). They hypothesise that languages spoken by small and isolated communities with a dense network may complexify their grammar (Trudgill 2011: 146-147). The present article investigates the nominal inflection systems of 14 varieties of German in order to survey whether there is any such diachronic tendency towards simplification and whether instances of complexification can be observed, too. The varieties under analysis include present-day Standard German, Old High German and Middle High German (two older stages of German) and eleven present-day non-standard varieties which make part of the Alemannic dialect group. First, it will be shown that there is a diachronic tendency towards simplification if we consider the total complexity of nominal inflection. Second, however, we can identify instances of diachronic complexification too if we take a closer look at single categories. Interestingly, diachronic complexification appears only in the non-standard varieties, not so in the standard variety. This may support the hypothesis that isolated varieties are more complex than non-isolated ones.

Author(s):  
Brian Murdoch

There are only limited and indirect reflections of Jewish apocrypha and pseudepigrapha in Old and Middle High German, Anglo-Saxon, and Middle English. The story of Judith was well-known, as were extrabiblical tales associated with Joseph, but the best attested pseudepigraphic material is that linked with (Christian versions of) the legends of Adam and Eve after the Fall, of which there are very many examples in Middle English and Middle High German, as well as in other European languages. Elements of the Enoch-apocrypha are reflected in one Old High German text, and the figures of Jannes and Jambre appear in one text in Anglo-Saxon.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Susumu Kuroda

Abstract This article deals with the development of -igen verbs in German since the Old High German period, demonstrating that this can be regarded as a process in which the adjective formation morpheme -ig gradually develops into a component of a word formation pattern that derives transitive verbs from nouns. An -igen-verb can be descended not only from an -ig-adjective (würdig – würdigen) but also from a noun without an intermediary -ig-adjective (Pein – *peinig – peinigen). In this article, it is claimed that a word formation pattern with -ig develops over time. The emergence of this word formation pattern can be described as a “reanalysis” of the verb structure accompanied by a “resegmentation” of the original word structure and a semantic “remotivation” of the established unit. It is also pointed out that this development is particularly evident in the Middle High German period.


Author(s):  
Jürgen Schaflechner

Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.


Multilingua ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieke Vandenbroucke

AbstractThis paper focuses on how different historical stages of socio-economic development in Brussels are played out on the ground over time in one particular inner-city neighbourhood, the Quartier Dansaert. In particular, I document the history of this neighbourhood and how urban change and gentrification have impacted the outlook of multilingualism and the development of multilingual discourses and language hierarchies in its material and semiotic landscape over time. By using the rich history of multilingualism in the Quartier Dansaert as a case-study, I argue in favour of more historically-sensitive and longitudinal approaches to social and, in particular, linguistic change as played out in urban landscape.


2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-521
Author(s):  
Joshua Evans ◽  
Jeffrey R Masuda

The management of homelessness has taken various forms over time. In 2003, the U.S. federal government significantly shifted its approach, ambitiously committing to end homelessness within 10 years by targeting the chronically homeless using the Housing First model. This approach to homelessness has rapidly spread across North America and beyond. This article is concerned with how the mobility of these 10-year plans has been realized. Drawing on Peck and Theodore’s concept of “fast policy,” and borrowing perspectives developed in actor-network theory, the article develops a case study of Alberta, Canada, to chronicle how 10-year plans were translated through a dense network of political alignments, socio-technical expertise, and statistical inscriptions. A close examination of these translations invites us to problematize this socio-technical infrastructure as a powerful mode of adaptive governance closely associated with the dynamism of neoliberalism itself.


2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Cam Grey

The projects of social history, disaster studies, and archaeology deliberately tend to eschew consideration of events, focusing instead on processes and structures that unfold gradually over time. The eruption of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano in Campania, Italy, in 472 presents tangible markers of a specific moment, although the absence of local textual evidence and the strong hints of rapid re-exploitation of the rich and fertile soils of the region suggest that the scale of the disaster that it precipitated was limited. A perspective on the eruption informed by the concepts of risk and vulnerability demonstrates that the population of the Campanian Plain had different experiences of the eruption according to factors such as their location, the nature and robustness of their social and economic resources, and their mechanisms for accessing and exploiting power relationships.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alice Charles

<p><b>Beneath the urban concrete of Wellington city lies a plethora of lost stories and voices, sometimes only accessible as fragments, which should contribute to the rich polyvocal narratives of a site. Recognition of these stories, even as fragments, enables local inhabitants and a wider audience to begin to understand the significance of place.</b></p> <p>Heritage stories transform from one time period to the next, creating overlapping layers of a site’s identity evolving over time. Each layer, while potentially representing its own unique story, contributes to the meta-narrative of a place. This design-led research investigation looks at the problem that arises when important stories of a place are lost when a site has transformed over time. The true story of a site is represented by the hidden layers from previous time periods, which have often fragmented or faded over time. This thesis proposes that lost layers, fragmented stories and faded voices can be reawakened through speculative architectural representation.</p> <p>Fragments of stories can be used to stimulate the imagination. The allegorical interpretation of fragments can be used to generate dreamscapes. Within a dreamscape, the multiple voices of multiple fragments can be heard together, even when they represent stories from different times. When dreamscapes are captured as allegorical drawing fragments, these multiple voices can be heard and retained even when they have partially faded away.</p> <p>This thesis explores how an allegorical architectural project, framed within techniques found in allegorical narrative fiction, can be successfully used as a critical method to help reawaken and unveil lost voices of place and generate speculative architectural outcomes that allow these voices to be heard. This design-led research proposes to reawaken lost voices of place through mapping the field of imagination, collage and the creation of dreamscapes, and allegorical drawing fragments.</p> <p>Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities and Alan Lightman’s Einstein’s Dreams are examples of literary approaches to the allegorical interpretation of fragments. They are used in this investigation as literary provocateurs—allegorical generators to engage the imagination to reawaken lost voices as fragments and allow them to be heard in a collection—an archive of fragments. These two novels are effectively re-presenting place and time as dreamscapes. By enabling a series of fragmented stories to be heard as one, a richly polyvocal narrative is established that allows the reader to understand the significance of a place.</p> <p>Two neighbouring urban sites along the edge of Wellington Harbour have been selected for this investigation: the Taranaki Wharf Cut-out and the Kumutoto Stream Outlet. Both have unique tales to tell. The Kumutoto Stream Outlet is the site of the first culverted stream in Wellington. This entire stream has been silenced and has disappeared forever, yet it survives deep underground; this narrow outlet along the Wellington Harbour edge is the last vestigial remnant of its tale. The Taranaki Wharf Cut-out exposes the lost shoreline of Wellington before urban expansion. This shoreline has been silenced and has disappeared forever, and the cut-out provides the last visual connection to the lost landscape below. Fragments of the urban concrete have been removed from both these sites to reveal the lost remnants of the sites tales they once concealed. These sites are engaged as allegorical portals that invite a viewer below the surface of Wellington’s urban concrete to explore the lost layers of fragmented stories that lay hidden beneath. These sites are presented as ‘characters’ that narrate ‘stories’ of Wellington waterfront’s surrounding context and the transformation of the landscape over time.</p> <p>The original heritage conditions of a place often cannot be physically returned to their sites without disrupting the contemporary urban context. In this investigation, sites are not engaged as grounds for architectural intervention. Instead, they are provocateurs for how an allegorical architectural project can dig below the urban concrete and reawaken and unveil lost voices of a place. These voices are presented as a speculative archive of fragmented artefacts that invite viewers to witness, through these allegorical artefacts, an urban environment’s rich litany of heritage stories that may have been permanently lost or displaced. These artefacts take the form of maps, collages and drawings, and they are designed to read both as individual artefacts and together as a collection within an archive, this bound codex of work—an Archive of Fragments of Time.</p> <p>This thesis asks:How can an allegorical architectural project be successfully used as a critical method to reawaken and unveil lost voices of a place, and generate speculative architectural outcomes that allow these voices to be heard?</p>


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Cheung

The widening income gap between the rich and the poor has important social implications. Governmental-level income redistribution through tax and welfare policies presents an opportunity to reduce income inequality and its negative consequences. The current longitudinal studies examined whether within-region changes in income redistribution over time relate to life satisfaction. Moreover, I examined potential moderators of this relationship to test the strong versus weak hypotheses of income redistribution. The strong hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to most. The weak hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to some and damaging to others. Using a nationally representative sample of 57,932 German respondents from 16 German states across 30 years (Study 1) and a sample of 112,876 respondents from 33 countries across 24 years (Study 2), I found that within-state and within-nation changes in income redistribution over time were associated with life satisfaction. The models predicted that a 10% reduction in Gini through income redistribution in Germany increased life satisfaction to the same extent as an 37% increase in annual income (Study 1), and a 5% reduction in Gini through income redistribution increased life satisfaction to the same extent as a 11% increase in GDP (Study 2). These associations were positive across individual, national, and cultural characteristics. Increases in income redistribution predicted greater satisfaction for tax-payers and welfare-receivers, for liberals and conservatives, and for the poor and the rich. These findings support the strong hypothesis of income redistribution and suggest that redistribution policies may play an important role in societal well-being.


The Fixers ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Lindsay Palmer

The introduction to this book begins with a detailed description of what news fixers are and how their work has evolved over time. Since the book focuses primarily on news fixing in the 21st century, the introduction historicizes the figure of the fixer, illuminating the fixer’s connections to the interpreters or guides hired by explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists of past centuries. This brief but necessary historicization is firmly rooted within the critical framework of postcolonial studies, a theoretical lens that helps me explain the deeply entrenched tradition of colonial dependence on regionally specific knowledge—knowledge that unfortunately did not prevent the misrepresentation and exploitation of the people living in these other places. The introduction then moves to an examination of the news fixers’ current role within the larger ecosystem of international reporting. Building off the rich literature found in the field of journalism studies, which examines the various elements of the labor of foreign correspondence, the introduction will show that a space must be made within journalism scholarship for the study of news fixers. What is more, the field of global journalism ethics also has much to gain from a closer examination of these locally based media employees.


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