scholarly journals The development of the apostrophe with proper names in Turkish

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Caro Reina ◽  
Işık Akar
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
The City

Abstract In modern Turkish, the apostrophe is used to separate proper names from inflectional endings (İzmir’de ‘in İzmir’). This is not the case with inflected common nouns (şehirde ‘in the city’). In this respect, the apostrophe constitutes an instance of graphematic dissociation between proper names and common nouns. Interestingly, the apostrophe was originally employed to transliterate hamza and ayn in Arabic and Persian loanwords (san’at ‘art’). However, these loanwords gradually lost the apostrophe (sanat ‘art’). This implies that Turkish experienced a graphematic change whereby the apostrophe developed from a phonographic marker of glottal stop into a morphographic marker of morpheme boundaries in proper names. This refunctionalization process is illustrated by a diachronic corpus analysis based on selected issues of the newspaper Cumhuriyet from 1929–1975. The findings reveal that the use of the apostrophe with proper names was triggered by foreignness. More specifically, the apostrophe first occurred with foreign names to highlight morpheme boundaries (Eden’in ‘of Eden’) and then expanded to native names via animacy (Doğan’ın ‘of Doğan’).

scholarly journals Analiza semantyczna nazw białostockich lokali gastronomicznych

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Paszko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

The subject of this article is a semantic analysis of the names of food establishments in Białystok. What was found was that discussed urbo-chrematonims oscillate between an informative function and the need to express originality, uniqueness. They constitute important places on the onymic map of the city. As any advertisement, they rely on the persuasiveness expressed by positive connotations and semantic justification. Numerous names of food establishments appear and disappear on the urban landscape of proper names, thus it seems necessary to record the abundance of their meanings on an ongoing basis.

TWO OLD BABYLONIAN MARRIAGE CONTRACTS FROM ISIN

Iraq ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Mohannad Kh. J. Al-Shamari ◽  
Muzahim Al-Jalili
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Marriage Contracts ◽  
Old Babylonian ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The City

Our study establishes that two tablets from the Iraq Museum are marriage contracts dating to the Old Babylonian period and in particular from the city of Isin. The dating formula of IM 201688 refers to a hitherto unpublished year name for Erra-imittī, who became king of Isin in 1868 BC. The event concerns the making of four large copper lions as a votive offering. This might have been done in preparation for a military campaign in connection with the rivalry between Isin and Larsa. The dating formula of IM 183636 is completely damaged. However, the text includes a witness described as a citizen of Isin. These two tablets are a very useful addition to the limited number of published OB marriage contracts and especially those from Isin. The tablets were written using formulaic legal expressions in Sumerian throughout with the exception of proper names. Both texts show a remarkably equal treatment of the two spouses in matters relating to compensation in the event of divorce.

scholarly journals Topograficzno-historyczna geneza nazw własnych krakowskich mostów i innych budowli służących przeprawie

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Krystyna Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Distinct Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Genitive Case

The following paper is dedicated to the analysis of 41 proper names (including 18 historical names) of structures in Cracow used for crossing water and terrain, identified architecturally as bridges, footbridges, trestle bridges and flyovers. These names have got a rather distinct structure: the anteposition contains a generic name, while the postposition comprises an individualising determinant, such as an adjective or a noun in genitive case, less frequently nominative: most Dębnicki (bridge), most Wandy (bridge), most Lajkonik (bridge); kładka Ojca Bernatka (footbridge), estakada Obrońców Lwowa (trestle bridge). Most of these terms have toponymic or anthroponymic motivation connected with Cracow, others belong to exceptions. There is a tendency for using commemorative names, introduced with the preposition imienia/im. (named after): most im. Kardynała Franciszka Macharskiego. Due to the fact that these structures are located in the city, their names belong to urbanonymy. The physical appearance and function of these facilities make it possible to apply in their names the notion of hodonymy. In the Russian language the term gefironim has been used in reference to these names. In terms of the type of denoted structures, the notion gefironim is narrower than an urbanonym, but it is wider when it comes to the area in which these structures are located.

scholarly journals Штрыхi да «ўрбананiмнага партрэта» аднаго беларускага горада

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
Ганна Мезенка ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City

The article draws attention to the fact that relatively few summarising comparative studies appear in modern Slavic onomastics. Their absence particularly affects development of those zones of onomastics that became completely formed only in the last decades of the 20th century. One of such zones is urbanonymy and, particularly, the similarities and differences between “urbanonimic portraits” of different cities of Slavia. The article argues that in urbanonymy a portrait is a set of proper names of intracity objects, which has been formed in a certain way, that testifies to the ideological attitude to their nominators, users and visitors of the city. It is emphasized that each of the settlements has its own “portrait” made up of the names of its objects, due to which it differs from others. The article reveals distinctive features of the “urbanonymous portrait” of one of the historical centres of culture, the Belarusian city Slonim, which in 2019 became the venue for the XXVI Days of Belarusian writing.

SERBIAN EQUIVALENTS OF THE ENGLISH PREPOSITION OF: A CONTRASTIVE CORPUS ANALYSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Jelena Lj. Biljetina
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
The City

Rad se bavi analizom engleskog predloga of i njegovih prevodnih ekvivalenata dobijenih iz paralelnog korpusa. U ovoj kontrastivnoj analizi korpus se sastoji od 847 primera upotrebe predloga of prikupljenih iz priče Pola Ostera The City of Glass i njenog prevoda na srpski jezik Grad od stakla. Analiza se prvenstveno fokusira na predloške ekvivalente i njihovu distribuciju u srpskom jeziku, ali takođe otkriva da je u većini slučajeva engleski predlog of preveden drugim sredstvima, a ne predlozima. Više od dve trećine primera iz korpusa prevedeno je nultim ili leksičko strukturalnim ekvivalentima, što ukazuje na razlike u strukturi engleskog i srpskog jezika, prvenstveno one na polju padeških nastavaka, a koje u srpskom jeziku omogućavaju znatno širu mogućnost izražavanja istih odnosa. Analiza je pokazala da je broj predloških ekvivalenata koji se javljaju u prevodu predloga of na srpski jezik  mnogo veći od broja predloga navedenih u dvojezičnom englesko-srpskom rečniku. Osim toga, kvalitativna analiza dobijenih ekvivalenata pokazuje da najveći broj predloških ekvivalenata predloga of izražava njegovu integrativnu funkciju, manji broj separativnu, a najmanji broj posesivnu funkciju.     Dobijeni rezultati studije mogli bi da doprinesu polju leksikografije, ali i da posluže daljoj semantičkoj i sintaksičkoj analizi, a u cilju boljeg razumevanja predloga i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku.

The Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe in 1223, 1237-1240

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Maiorov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Expansion Strategy ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The City

The task of the tümens of Jebe and Sübedei’s raid to Europe (1221–1223) was not limited to reconnaissance only. This raid was part of Chinggis Khan’s general expansion strategy involving establishing total control over the Kipchaks and conquering their steppe territories both in Asia and Europe. This strategic ambition had to be implemented by Prince Jochi, the ruler of the Western ulus of the Mongol Empire. Jochi was to bring his major forces to Europe and join the Jebe and Sübedei vanguard corps for the final defeat of the Kipchaks. Being allies and kin of the Kipchak rulers, the prince of Kiev and other southern Rus’ princes provided military assistance to them. Thus, the counter-attack of the Mongols targeted Rus’. After the defeat of the Rus’–Kipchak coalition forces in the Battle of the Kalka River, the Mongols were able to cross the Dnieper and approach Kiev. However, Jochi’s refusal to bring his major forces to support the Mongol vanguard brought to naught all the victories and achievements of generals Jebe and Sübedei. The initial goals of the Great Western Campaign of the Mongols (late 1236–1242) consisted in conquering Volga Bulgaria, the Kipchak/Polovets steppes, and the Hungarian kingdom. To a large extent, the defeat and destruction of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality occurred as part of the aftermath of the battle of Kolomna, where Kölgän, the youngest son of Chinggis Khan and one of the most honorable Mongol lords, was killed. The Mongol invasion was preceded by peace negotiations with the Mongols conducted by the most powerful Rus’ princes, specifically Yury Vsevolodovich of Vladimir-Suzdal and Daniel Romanovich of Galicia-Volhynia. Following these negotiations, the princes did everything they could to avoid personal involvement in military action against the Mongols. The Mongols’ stone artillery and wide use of flame liquids were critical weapons in the siege and assault of Rus’ cities and towns. The defendants had no effective countermeasures against these dangerous weapons. A comparative analysis of various reports in Rus’ chronicles about the date of the capture of Kiev by the Mongols with information from Hungarian sources shows that the most likely date is December 6, 1240. The proper names Uladmur and Uchogul Uladmur, given by the medieval Persian historian Rashīd al-Dīn in his account of the conquest of south Rus’ by the Mongols, cannot be related to the historical toponyms of Galician-Volhynian Rus’. The Mongol name Uladmur was connected with the name of Prince Vladimir Riurikovich, who had occupied the Kievan throne not long before the attack of the Mongols against south Rus’ and held peaceful negotiations with Prince Möngke. In Volhynia and Galicia the Mongols used a method that they had often used before. They forced the residents of the conquered cities to go outside the city walls and massacred them. They spared only the young men suitable for military service and took them into auxiliary troops (khashar), so that they should fight in the most dangerous areas of the battle.

scholarly journals A Systematic Literature on Application of Transit Oriented Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2542-2552
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
The City ◽  
Indian Cities

Transit oriented development (TOD) has quickly developed as a well-known urban developing approach all around the world to achieve a spatial economic transport interaction. TOD does not only relate to mass transit, but it is a strategy to decongest nodal, major points, arteries of the city by making people walk, use public transport, in order to make city environmentally sustainable. Indian cities are fronting major predicament under the sphere of mobility in urban development for which smart cities concept TOD in developing and big countries like India. Hence, this paper will be majorly focusing on presentation of a methodical literature assessment. Though, TOD as a policy is envisaged to have a significant positive impact in mitigating issues at urban scale but there are variety of attributes and indicators that impact the applicability of (SLR) that targets the consolidated knowledge on Transit Oriented Development, analyze the parameters for the successful TOD’s all over the world and provide steps for further exploration in Indian context. The corpus analysis of 102 articles and reports leading to the most significant research offerings on TOD acting as the essential pillar in the development is researched such that these results could be utilized for further research.

scholarly journals Nomeação de escolas como homenagem à história local do município paranaense de Marechal Cândido Rondon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Daniel Seidel Ruppenthal
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Local History ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Research Show

O presente artigo se centra na investigação dos nomes próprios atribuídos a escolas da cidade Marechal Cândido Rondon, no Paraná, tomando, como objeto de estudo, especificamente, escolas localizadas mais ao centro da cidade. A análise procurou recuperar quem são os sujeitos homenageados em cada nome das escolas, e, quando possível, por quais razões o nome foi escolhido. A metodologia empregada nesta pesquisa envolve a busca de fundamentação teórica e documental para o levantamento de dados históricos relacionados às escolas analisadas e análise dos dados com o aporte de outros estudos toponímicos com objetivo semelhante. A pesquisa revelou que um terço dos nomes de escola analisados correspondem a pioneiros no município; quatro nomes são de escritores e quatro de pessoas de notoriedade no cenário nacional; houve também dois casos de escolas que homenageiam os locais onde se encontram. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que, a partir dos vestígios presentes nas denominações, o estudo toponímico dos nomes de escolas permite contemplar e resgatar uma parte do passado rondonense que está ligado a essas escolas.School names as homage to the local History of the Paraná county of Marechal Cândido Rondon The present article focuses on the investigation of proper names assigned to schools in Marechal Cândido Rondon city, in the state of Paraná, taking, as study object, specifically, schools near downtown. The analysis looked for recover who are the subjects honored in each name of the schools, and, when possible, for which reasons the name was chosen. The methodology employed on this research involves the demand of theoretical and documented foundation for the setting-up of historical data related to the analyzed schools and with the support on other similar goal toponymic studies. The research revealed that one third of the school names analyzed correspond to pioneers in the city; four are names of writers and four names of notorious people on the nation scene; there were also two cases of schools which honor the place where they are located. The results of the research show that, starting from the present vestiges on the denominations, the toponymic study of school names allow us to contemplate and rescue a part of the past of the city that is connected to these schools. Keywords: Toponym; School names; History.

Kripke’s Puzzle and Belief ‘Under’ a Name

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan McMichael
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Saul Kripke ◽  
Long Time ◽  
French Words ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Kripke's Puzzle ◽  
Kripke’S Puzzle

Recently Saul Kripke has drawn attention to a puzzle about belief and proper names, a puzzle of which philosophers have been aware for a long time, but which has never been completely resolved. Kripke gives a new, bilingual illustration of the puzzle:1 Pierre, while living in his native France, learns much about the city of London, which he calls ‘Londres,’ and comes to believe something which he would express in French with the words, ‘Londres est jolie.’ Using standard principle of translation, it seems correct for us to say, ‘Pierre believes that London is pretty.’ Suppose however that Pierre learns English, travels to London, learns that the name of the city he is in is ‘London,’ and sincerely and comprehendingly asserts, ‘London is not pretty.’ On the basis of his assertion, it seems correct for us to say, ‘Pierre believes that London is not pretty.’ But suppose he does not realize that ‘Londres’ is also a name for the city he is in, so he retains the belief which he would express with the French words, ‘Londres est jolie.’ Then, by the same principles of translation as before, it seems that we are still justified in saying, ‘Pierre believes that London is pretty.’ But now we have attributed to Pierre contradictory beliefs, and that does not seem acceptable, since Pierre has committed no logical oversight.Kripke believes that this is the same puzzle as one that arises in older, monolingual examples, such as that used by Quine: suppose Tom believes that Cicero denounced Cataline. Since ‘Tully’ is another name for Cicero, it seems acceptable to paraphrase his belief and say, ‘Tom believes that Tully denounced Cataline.’ But suppose Tom does not realize that Cicero and Tully are the same person, and suppose, in fact, that he sincerely and comprehendingly asserts, ‘Tully did not denounce Cataline.’ Then it also seems acceptable to say, on the basis of Tom’s assertion, ‘Tom believes that Tully did not denounce Cataline.’ But now we have attributed to Tom contradictory beliefs, and, as in the Pierre example, that does not seem acceptable.

Urbanonyms-periphrases of the city of Smolensk in the semantic field “war”

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 280-286
Author(s):  
Nadezhda A. Rodina
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Military Education ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Empirical Material

In modern domestic linguistics, there are many works dedicated to the study of the figurative meaning of the word. However, periphrases more functioning in oral speech are not sufficiently studied. Of particular interest are proper names that reflect the peculiarities of the worldview of people who are the creators of onyms. At present, the study of periphrastic urbanonyms is particularly relevant, as the study of their semantics makes it possible to better understand the specifics of the citizens’ language and their worldview. We consider the informal names of inner-city objects of Smolensk, which belong to the semantic field “war”, which is due to the strategic position of the hero city. We give the definition of periphrasis and the mechanism of its occurrence in oral communication. The material of the study, which are the unofficial Smolensk urbanonyms in the semantic field “war”, is thematically divided and also sorted, resulting in the allocation of periphrastic names. We analyze the peculiarities of urbanonyms-periphrases in terms of structure and semantics. New empirical material is introduced into the scientific circulation, which makes it possible to draw objective and reliable conclusions on the nature of the nomination of inner-city military and civilian objects and the attitude of the population towards military actions and military society. The material of the study can be used both in military education and in the optional course of onomastics in a civil university.

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