Lohnungleichheiten zwischen Akademikerinnen und Akademikern: Der Einfluss von fachlicher Spezialisierung, frauendominierten Fächern und beruflicher Segregation / Wage Inequality between Male and Female University Graduates: The Influence of Occupational Specialization, Female-Dominated Subjects and Occupational Segregation

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Leuze ◽  
Susanne Strauß
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen

ZusammenfassungAuf der Suche nach einer Erklärung für die bestehenden Lohnungleichheiten zwischen Männern und Frauen mit Hochschulabschluss untersucht der Artikel drei verschiedene Erklärungsansätze: Erstens die humankapitaltheoretische Erklärung, dass Frauen durch die Wahl von weniger berufsspezifischen Studienfächern finanzielle Nachteile auf dem Arbeitsmarkt erfahren; zweitens die These der Abwertung von frauendominierten Studienfächern, wie sie von feministisch-kulturellen Theorien beschrieben wird, und drittens die Bedeutung von Berufssegregation für Lohnungleichheiten, die durch die kulturelle Abwertung von Frauenberufen, aber auch durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen wie das deutsche System der tariflichen Lohnverhandlungen geprägt ist. Auf der Grundlage des HIS-Absolventenpanels 1997 werden die logarithmierten Brutto-Monatslöhne von vollzeiterwerbstätigen Männern und Frauen fünf Jahre nach Abschluss ihres Studiums modelliert. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen vor allem die These einer Diskriminierung von frauendominierten Studienfächern und Berufen, durch die jeweils 19 bzw. 13 Prozent der Lohnungleichheiten zwischen Akademikerinnen und Akademikern erklärt werden. Die Wahl von berufsunspezifischen Studienfächern scheint hingegen keinen Einfluss auf die Lohnentwicklung zu haben.

End of Occupational Segregation in the Nursing Profession

2020 ◽  
pp. 262-284
Author(s):  
Selcen Kılıçaslan-Gökoğlu ◽  
Engin Bağış Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Meaning Of Work ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Female Nurses

This chapter focuses on how female nurses make sense of their occupations as the perception of their profession changes from gender-biased to gender-neutral. Nursing is one of those rare professions with occupational segregation in favor of females, but one that is changing as more males enter the profession. While there are many occupational segregation studies to explain male and female nurses' perspectives, research on how female nurses reconsider their views about the profession is scarce. Therefore, this chapter will address this change for females by utilizing a conceptual analysis, specifically the cognitive sense-making perspective. Referring to the phases of the cognitive sense-making (ecological change, enactment, selection, and retention), this chapter examines how the meaning of the nursing profession and the meaning of work in general is changing for females.

End of Occupational Segregation in the Nursing Profession

2021 ◽  
pp. 418-433
Author(s):  
Selcen Kılıçaslan-Gökoğlu ◽  
Engin Bağış Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Meaning Of Work ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Female Nurses

This chapter focuses on how female nurses make sense of their occupations as the perception of their profession changes from gender-biased to gender-neutral. Nursing is one of those rare professions with occupational segregation in favor of females, but one that is changing as more males enter the profession. While there are many occupational segregation studies to explain male and female nurses' perspectives, research on how female nurses reconsider their views about the profession is scarce. Therefore, this chapter will address this change for females by utilizing a conceptual analysis, specifically the cognitive sense-making perspective. Referring to the phases of the cognitive sense-making (ecological change, enactment, selection, and retention), this chapter examines how the meaning of the nursing profession and the meaning of work in general is changing for females.

Relationship between gender and employment contexts of Bicol University graduates

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie S. See ◽  
Mary Ann M. See
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Original Research ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Job Level ◽  
College Course ◽  
Scholastic Performance ◽  
First Job

Background: The Bicol University identifies if gender equity is an issue among its graduates. Purpose and Research Objectives: The study sought to identify if there is a relationship between the Bicol University graduates’ gender and their scholastic circumstances and employment/ employment-relevant setting. Sample and Research Design: The study used the 622 questionnaires retrieved in the original research and employed secondary analysis as its research strategy Results: This study found out that gender among the graduates of Bicol University seems to have a bearing on the course they took in college, their present employment and their present occupation. On the other hand, sex appears not to have an influence on the honors they received in college, the reason for taking the college course, their present professional skills, their place of work, the relation of the college course to their first job, the length of time in finding job and the job level. Scholastic performance in college seems not be influenced by sex. The latter also does not have any bearing on the reasons why these graduates took the courses they had in college. Recommendation: Managers in colleges and universities, and the industries may find in these findings some basis for making decisions vis-a-vis male and female Bicol University graduates.

What Determines Wage Inequality Among Young German University Graduates?

2013 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Braakmann
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Decomposition Techniques ◽  
Earnings Differential ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Labor Market Entry ◽  
First Job

SummaryThis paper investigates the gender wage gap among university graduates in their first job and five to six years into their careers using a representative survey among German university graduates. Results from standard decomposition techniques show that up to 83%of an initial 24% earnings disadvantage for women in the first job can be attributed to differences in endowments that are fixed at the time of labor market entry. Of these, fields of study play a dominant role and explain up to 70%of the earnings differential. Adding employer characteristics raises the explained part of the differential to 96%. The importance of unexplained factors increases after five to six years where 40% of the earnings gap remain unexplained even when controlling for detailed experience and employer characteristics.

scholarly journals Receptive Vocabulary Size of Male and Female Saudi English Major Graduates

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Ibrahim R. Alqarni
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Word List ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Undergraduate Study ◽  
Word Level

This study measured Saudi university students’ receptive vocabulary knowledge towards the end of their final semester. The subjects were 71 Saudi male and female students. The Vocabulary Levels Test, adopted from Nation’s (2008), was administered in this study. The test assesses learners’ receptive knowledge of word meaning at the following distinct vocabulary levels: the 2nd 1,000-word level, the 3rd 1,000-word level, the 5th 1,000-word level, the 10th 1,000-word level, and the Academic Word List (AWL). The results showed different participants’ performance at different word levels with decreasing mean scores as the frequency of word levels decreased. The results also showed, with no exception, that males outperformed females with statistically significant differences in all the five sections of the test. The participants’ average vocabulary size is approximately 876 and 799 words in the 2nd 1,000-word level, 436 and 355 words in the AWL, 725 and 590 words in the 3rd 1,000-word level, 580 and 477 words in the 5th 1,000-word level for males and females respectively. However, the average vocabulary size decreased dramatically in the 10th 1,000-word level to 254 words for males and 124 for females. Based on these findings, it is concluded that Saudi English Language and Translation university graduates, even with large vocabulary size in the high frequency bands, are generally still below the level of the desired vocabulary competency as EFL learners, and are in fact, in need for more support and concentration in their undergraduate study with regard to their vocabulary learning.

scholarly journals Understanding the transition to work for first degree university graduates in Portugal

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora Galego ◽  
António Caleiro
Keyword(s):  
Female Students ◽  
Duration Models ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Transition To Work ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Multiplier Effects ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
First Job

A traditional way of looking at the importance of universities assumes that these are sources of positive effects from the viewpoint of the inputs. In accordance to this perspective, the importance of a university can be measured by its regional/national multiplier effects. This perspective can be complemented with the analysis of the issues associated with the transition to work by their graduates. The paper thus analyses the factors that may be important to explain the time to obtain the first job by first degree students, using a sample of students from one university in Portugal. In doing so, we estimate several specifications of discrete-time duration models. The results show that there are significant differences among the students from the several courses and highlight the importance of the final mark in the course. Nevertheless, in particular, we conclude that there are no significant differences between the area of Economics and Management and the area of Engineering and that these study areas are the most successful ones. We also did not find any significant differences between male and female students. Finally, we also conclude that there are significant differences on the probability of leaving unemployment among the several years considered in the sample, which reflects the business cycle.

scholarly journals Institutional Changes and Rising Wage Inequality: Is There a Linkage?

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M Fortin ◽  
Thomas Lemieux
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Wage ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Economic Deregulation

In this paper, the authors analyze the role of three institutional changes--the decline in the real value of the minimum wage, deunionization, and economic deregulation--on the rise in wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s. They argue that about a third of the increase in male and female wage inequality can be traced to these institutional changes. Deunionization had a significant effect on the rise in inequality for men, while the minimum wage is what matters most for women. The authors find the direct impact of economic deregulation to be comparatively small.

scholarly journals Becoming a resident in a high demanded medical specialty: an unequal race? Evidence from the Spanish resident market

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Idaira Rodriguez Santana
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Specialty Choice ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Allocation System ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Gender occupational segregation in medicine is associated with several undesired consequences such as earnings disparity, shortages of specialists or lower quality of care among others. This paper focuses on the persistent gender gap observed in the most popular specialties of the Spanish resident market. In particular, it explores the role of the specialty allocation system in perpetuating the occupational segregation. For that purpose, this paper studies the effect of a policy change in the ranking system that determines doctors’ specialty choice order. The change increased the competitiveness of the process by increasing the weight of an entry examination from 75% to 90%, in detriment of doctors’ grade point average that decreased from 25% to 10%. Findings from previous literature suggest that that male and female doctors might have reacted differently to the increased competitiveness of the process. Methods Data come from administrative records of doctors’ specialty choices for the years 2013 and 2015 and they are used to compute the difference between doctors’ pre and post-change ranking positions. Then, differences in the distribution of rank differences between male and female doctors are tested by means of parametric (T-test) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon rank) approaches. Results Results show that the policy change has overall favoured male doctors. On average, female doctors lose ranking positions, with respect to the position they would have achieved with the old weights, whilst male doctors gain positions. The differences are more pronounced in the top half of the ranking distribution, meaning that female doctors on average have reduced their probability of accessing the most demanded specialties. Conclusions The objective of the policy was the enhancement of the prospects of Spanish-graduate doctors with respect to international graduates by giving more weight to the less prone to bias examination scores. Nonetheless, the change have had the unintended consequence of reducing the probability of female doctors accessing highly demanded specialties and thus exacerbating the gender gap. The allocation system needs revision to make it accountable for the actual role of doctors in society.

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