Nachweis der Volumen-Ionisation in organischen Flüssigkeiten

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400
Author(s):  
H. Bässler ◽  
P. Mayer ◽  
N. Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Positive Charge ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Dielectric Liquid ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Constant Field ◽  
Bulk Conductivity ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
The Law

In order to study the bulk-conductivity in organic liquids measurements with blocking quartzelectrodes were made. When applying a constant field, a bulk-current through the dielectric liquid can be observed, which is decreasing exponentiallyjd(t)=j0_ exp {—t/R_C}+j0 exp {—t/R+ C}.R- and R+ are the bulk-resistivities for negative and positive charge-carriers, from which the bulk-conductivity of the liquid can be calculated. It is identical with the dc.-conductivity measured with conducting electrodes, that is it obeys the law:σ=σ01 exp { —E1/k T} +σ02 exp {—E.2/k T}.Therefore the generation of charge-carriers must be independent of the electrodes and the activation-energies E1 and E2 must correlate with ionisation within the liquid. The mobility of negative carriers is about two or three times that of positive ones. This fact leads to conclusions concerning the nature of the carriers. A tunnel-process is proposed to explain the discharging of positive ions at a metallic cathode.

Über die Deutung der Gleichstromleitfähigkeit organischer Flüssigkeiten bei niedrigen Temperaturen

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1075
Author(s):  
H. Vogel ◽  
H. Bässler
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Static Dielectric Constant ◽  
Coulomb Energy ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Characteristic Distance ◽  
Lower Region ◽  
Pure Coulomb ◽  
The Law

The activation energy of the d. c. conductance of organic liquids lies between 0.04 and 0.45 eV in the lower region of temperature of their liquid state. A comparison of these values with the static dielectric constant shows, that the activation energy may be regarded as a pure COULOMB energy: E2 = e2/2 ε r . The characteristic distance r has the approximate value of 8.5 Å for hydrocarbons. It decreases for halogen- and nitro-derivates. Formerly it was found that the conductivity of mixtures obeys the law σM = σAC · σB1-C. This can easily be explained assuming εM = c εA + (1 — c) εB. In the case of rather different ε values or of homologuous compounds forming complexes, σ increases. This is identical with a kink in the log σ (c) -curve.

The Effective Temperature of Dust Impact Plasmas — Olivine Dust on Tungsten Target

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Pavlů ◽  
Samuel Kočiščák ◽  
Åshild Fredriksen ◽  
Michael DeLuca ◽  
Zoltan Sternovsky
Keyword(s):  
Negative Charge ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Applied Bias ◽  
Control Grid ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

<p>We experimentally observe both positive and negative charge carriers in impact plasma and estimate their effective temperatures. The measurements are carried on a dust accelerator using polypyrrole (PPy)-coated olivine dust particles impacting tungsten (W) target in the velocity range of 2–18 km/s. We measure the retained impact charge as a function of applied bias potential to the control grid. The temperatures are estimated from the data fit. The estimated effective temperatures of the positive ions are approximately 7 eV and seems to be independent of the impact speed. The negative charge carriers' temperatures vary from as low as 1 eV for the lowest speeds to almost ten times higher speeds. The presented values differ significantly from previous studies using Fe dust particles. Yet, the discrepancy can be attributed to a larger fraction of negative ions in the impact plasma that likely originates from the PPy coating.</p>

ChemInform Abstract: EXCESS ELECTRONS AND POSITIVE CHARGE CARRIERS IN LIQUID ETHANE

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER F. SCHMIDT ◽  
GEORGE BAKALE ◽  
ULRICH SOWADA
Keyword(s):  
Positive Charge ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Excess Electrons

Excess electrons and positive charge carriers in liquid ethane

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 5275-5278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner F. Schmidt ◽  
George Bakale ◽  
Ulrich Sowada
Keyword(s):  
Positive Charge ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Excess Electrons

Investigation of SET and RESET States Resistance in Ohmic Regime for Phase-Change Memory

2008 ◽  
Vol 1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semyon D. Savransky ◽  
Ilya V Karpov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Memory ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Specific Contact Resistance ◽  
Bulk Conductivity ◽  
Specific Contact ◽  
Change Memory

ABSTRACTNew technique to separate bulk and interface electrical properties of polycrystalline and glassy Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) in phase-change memory (PCM) devices is proposed. PCM with different GST thicknesses are measured. The average activation energies for bulk conductivity are 0.37 eV and 0.09 eV as well as bulk resistivities are about μOhm*cm2 and 20 μOhm*cm. The contact barriers is 0.07eV and specific contact resistance is about 0.3 μOhm*cm2 in studied PCM devices.It is discovered that bulk resistivities for both SET and RESET states in PCM obey Meyer-Neldel rule with almost identical isokinetic temperatures 335K − 340K. This information is discussed in terms of GST structure.

scholarly journals Molecular Doping in Multi-Molecule Polymer-Dopant Complexes Shows Reduced Coulomb Binding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanding Dong ◽  
Stefan Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Organic Semiconductors ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Mobile Charge ◽  
Molecular Doping ◽  
Gap States ◽  
P Type

<p>The mechanistic study of molecular doping of organic semiconductors (OSC) requires</p><p>an improved understanding of the role and formation of integer charge transfer complexes</p><p>(ICTC) on a microscopic level. In the present work we go one crucial step beyond</p><p>the simplest scenario of an isolated bi-molecular ICTC and study ICTCs formed of</p><p>up to two (poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b,3,4-b”]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-</p><p>benzothiadiazole)](PCPDT-BT) oligomers and up to two CN6-CP molecules. We find that depending</p><p>on geometric arrangement, complexes containing two conjugated oligomers and two</p><p>dopant molecules can show p-type doping with double integer charge transfer, resulting in either</p><p>two singly doped oligomers or one doubly doped oligomer. Interestingly, compared to an individual</p><p>oligomer-dopant complex, the resulting in-gap states on the doped oligomers are significantly</p><p>lowered in energy. Indicating that, already in the relatively small systems studied here, Coulomb</p><p>binding of the doping-induced positive charge to the counter-ion is reduced which is an elemental</p><p>step towards generating mobile charge carriers through molecular doping.</p>

scholarly journals Molecular Doping in Multi-Molecule Polymer-Dopant Complexes Shows Reduced Coulomb Binding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanding Dong ◽  
Stefan Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Organic Semiconductors ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Mobile Charge ◽  
Molecular Doping ◽  
Gap States ◽  
P Type

<p>The mechanistic study of molecular doping of organic semiconductors (OSC) requires</p><p>an improved understanding of the role and formation of integer charge transfer complexes</p><p>(ICTC) on a microscopic level. In the present work we go one crucial step beyond</p><p>the simplest scenario of an isolated bi-molecular ICTC and study ICTCs formed of</p><p>up to two (poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b,3,4-b”]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-</p><p>benzothiadiazole)](PCPDT-BT) oligomers and up to two CN6-CP molecules. We find that depending</p><p>on geometric arrangement, complexes containing two conjugated oligomers and two</p><p>dopant molecules can show p-type doping with double integer charge transfer, resulting in either</p><p>two singly doped oligomers or one doubly doped oligomer. Interestingly, compared to an individual</p><p>oligomer-dopant complex, the resulting in-gap states on the doped oligomers are significantly</p><p>lowered in energy. Indicating that, already in the relatively small systems studied here, Coulomb</p><p>binding of the doping-induced positive charge to the counter-ion is reduced which is an elemental</p><p>step towards generating mobile charge carriers through molecular doping.</p>

Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit hydratisierter Sulfate zwei- und dreiwertiger Kationen.

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1316
Author(s):  
Heinz P. Fritz ◽  
Dagmar Laschka
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Proton Conductivity ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit

The electrical conductivity of polycrystalline pellets of ZnSO4 · 7 H2O, MgSO4 · 7 H2O, CuSO4 · 5 H2O, KAl(SO4)2 · 12 H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2 · 12 H2O and KCr(SO4)2 · 12 H2O was measured. By coulometry the role of protons as charge carriers was determined. A correlation is given between the strength of hydrogen bonds and the activation energies for the proton conductivity.

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