On the activation energy of the dc conductivity of organic liquids

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Baessler ◽  
N. Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Organic Liquids

Über die Deutung der Gleichstromleitfähigkeit organischer Flüssigkeiten bei niedrigen Temperaturen

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1075
Author(s):  
H. Vogel ◽  
H. Bässler
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Static Dielectric Constant ◽  
Coulomb Energy ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Characteristic Distance ◽  
Lower Region ◽  
Pure Coulomb ◽  
The Law

The activation energy of the d. c. conductance of organic liquids lies between 0.04 and 0.45 eV in the lower region of temperature of their liquid state. A comparison of these values with the static dielectric constant shows, that the activation energy may be regarded as a pure COULOMB energy: E2 = e2/2 ε r . The characteristic distance r has the approximate value of 8.5 Å for hydrocarbons. It decreases for halogen- and nitro-derivates. Formerly it was found that the conductivity of mixtures obeys the law σM = σAC · σB1-C. This can easily be explained assuming εM = c εA + (1 — c) εB. In the case of rather different ε values or of homologuous compounds forming complexes, σ increases. This is identical with a kink in the log σ (c) -curve.

Nachweis der Volumen-Ionisation in organischen Flüssigkeiten

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400
Author(s):  
H. Bässler ◽  
P. Mayer ◽  
N. Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Positive Charge ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Dielectric Liquid ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Constant Field ◽  
Bulk Conductivity ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
The Law

In order to study the bulk-conductivity in organic liquids measurements with blocking quartzelectrodes were made. When applying a constant field, a bulk-current through the dielectric liquid can be observed, which is decreasing exponentiallyjd(t)=j0_ exp {—t/R_C}+j0 exp {—t/R+ C}.R- and R+ are the bulk-resistivities for negative and positive charge-carriers, from which the bulk-conductivity of the liquid can be calculated. It is identical with the dc.-conductivity measured with conducting electrodes, that is it obeys the law:σ=σ01 exp { —E1/k T} +σ02 exp {—E.2/k T}.Therefore the generation of charge-carriers must be independent of the electrodes and the activation-energies E1 and E2 must correlate with ionisation within the liquid. The mobility of negative carriers is about two or three times that of positive ones. This fact leads to conclusions concerning the nature of the carriers. A tunnel-process is proposed to explain the discharging of positive ions at a metallic cathode.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-polyvinyl chloride blends doped with sulfamic acid in aqueous tetrahydrofuran

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Ameen ◽  
Vazid Ali ◽  
M. Zulfequar ◽  
M. Mazharul Haq ◽  
Mushahid Husain
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sulfamic Acid ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Chemical Doping ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Exponential Factor

AbstractThe temperature dependence of direct current (dc) conductivity was studied for various samples of polyaniline-polyvinylchloride (PANI-PVC) blended films. Polyaniline was doped with different concentrations of sulfamic acid in aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the blended films were prepared by varying the amount of doped PANI relative to a fixed amount of PVC. The dc conductivity of PANI-PVC blended films was measured to determine the effect of sulfamic acid (dopant) in the temperature range (300–400K). The mechanism of conduction is explained by a two-phase model. In order to evaluate the effect of the dopant, conductivity-derived parameters such as the pre-exponential factor (σ o) and the activation energy (ΔE) were calculated. The structural changes of polyaniline-PVC blended films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy that explores information about the suitability of the dopant in the chemical doping process.

Ionic conductivity enhancement in Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore by Nd doping

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.P. Mandal ◽  
S.K. Deshpande ◽  
A.K. Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Preexponential Factor ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Rare Earth Ions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Conductivity Enhancement ◽  
Mobile Species ◽  
Oxygen Ion ◽  
Mobile Ions

The pyrochlore compositions Gd2–yNdyZr2O7 (y = 0.0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, and 2.0) were synthesized, and their ionic conductivity was determined (100 Hz–15 MHz, 622–696 K). The direct-current (dc) conductivity (σdc) varies upon Nd substitution at the Gd site, and a peaking effect in σdc was observed around y = 1.0. This indicates that a significant increase in conductivity can be obtained at moderately high temperatures by suitable doping at the Gd site with isovalent rare-earth ions like Nd. The extent of oxygen ion disorder determined from x-ray diffraction was found to decrease with increasing Nd content. The dc conductivity obeys the Arrhenius relation σdcT = σ0 exp(−E/kBT). The activation energy E and the preexponential factor σ0, which is a measure of the concentration of the mobile species, increase while going from the ordered Nd2Zr2O7 to the least ordered Gd2Zr2O7. These two processes presumably lead to the peaking of σdc at an intermediate Nd content. Our results also suggest that the cooperative motion of mobile ions does not contribute much to the increase in activation energy in this compound.

DC Conductivity of Illite with Fly-Ash between 20 – 1050 °C

2015 ◽  
Vol 1126 ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Ondruška ◽  
Igor Štubňa ◽  
Viera Trnovcová ◽  
Tomáš Húlan ◽  
Libor Vozár
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Temperature Region ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Conduction Activation Energy ◽  
Main Charge ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
A Current

The temperature dependence of the electrical DC conductivity of fly-ash and illite-based ceramics was measured in the temperature range of 20 – 1050 °C. The measurements were done for illite samples with no fly-ash and fired illite added and illite samples containing 10 wt. %, 20 wt. %, 30 wt. %, and 40 wt. % of fly-ash and 0 wt. %, 10 wt. %, 20 wt. %, and 30 wt. % of fired illite. Addition of fly-ash substantially influences temperature dependences of the DC conductivity and introduces a temperature region with a high conduction activation energy which precedes the dehydroxylation. At the lowest temperatures, the main charge carriers are H+ and OH− ions, while at higher temperatures K+ and Na+ ions also play a role. The phase transformation metaillite -> Al-Si spinel is characterized with a current peak at 940 °C.

scholarly journals Immittance Studies of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 Ceramics

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Lisińska-Czekaj ◽  
Dionizy Czekaj ◽  
Barbara Garbarz-Glos ◽  
Wojciech Bąk
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Electric Modulus ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
Modulus Function ◽  
Conductivity Relaxation ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
A Value ◽  
Polycrystalline Ceramics ◽  
Electric Behavior

Results of studies focusing on the electric behavior of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 (BFTO) ceramics are reported. BFTO ceramics were fabricated by solid state reaction methods. The simple oxides Bi2O3, TiO2, and Fe2O3 were used as starting materials. Immittance spectroscopy was chosen as a method to characterize electric and dielectric properties of polycrystalline ceramics. The experimental data were measured in the frequency range Δν = (10−1–107) Hz and the temperature range ΔT = (−120–200) °C. Analysis of immittance data was performed in terms of complex impedance, electric modulus function, and conductivity. The activation energy corresponding to a non-Debye type of relaxation was found to be EA = 0.573 eV, whereas the activation energy of conductivity relaxation frequency was found to be EA = 0.570 eV. An assumption of a hopping conductivity mechanism for BFTO ceramics was studied by ‘universal’ Jonscher’s law. A value of the exponents was found to be within the “Jonscher’s range” (0.54 ≤ n ≤ 0.72). The dc-conductivity was extracted from the measurements. Activation energy for dc-conductivity was calculated to be EDC = 0.78 eV, whereas the dc hopping activation energy was found to be EH = 0.63 eV. The obtained results were discussed in terms of the jump relaxation model.

Über die Ladungsträgererzeugung in organischen Flüssigkeiten

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
H. Bässler ◽  
N. Riehl
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Resonance State ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Coulomb Energy ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Intrinsic Conductivity ◽  
Similar Formation ◽  
A Charge

At higher temperatures organic liquids show an intrinsic conductivity with an activation energy E1 which is characteristic for each substance. With carbonyl compounds a linear relation between E1 and the wave number v of the infrared vibration of the C=O group is observed. Therefore a linear decrease of E1 with increasing portion of the polar valence-band structure C+⃝—C-⃝ within the carbonyl-bond can be assumed. Within one molecule this polar structure forms a “short-living ion-pair” which can be excited thermally out of the resonance state by the energy E′. If ECoul is the COULOMB energy necessary to separate the electron from the “ion-pair”, the total energy required to form a charge-carrier is: E1= E′ + ½ ECoul. Charge-transfer-complexes, always present as impurities, enable a similar formation of charge-carriers. In this case it holds E′=0 and one obtains the activation energy for the low temperature conductance of organic liquids: E2=e2/2 ε r. The model explains the activation energy without involving relatively high optical molecular levels.

scholarly journals DC conductivity studies of iron decorated polypyrrole

2021 ◽  
Vol 2070 (1) ◽  
pp. 012070
Author(s):  
B M Basavaraja Patel ◽  
M Revanasiddappa ◽  
D R Rangaswamy ◽  
S Manjunatha ◽  
Y T Ravikiran
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Green Tea Extract ◽  
Dc Conductivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Tea Extract

Abstract Fe-Ppy was synthesized by in situ polymerization with varying the concentration of oxidizing agent (FeCl,3) and green tea extract. As prepared polymer samples have been characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM. DC conductivity was measured in the temperature range 303-378 K. Obtained results reveals that, the conductivity slightly increases with increase in temperature. Fe (0.31M)-Ppy-10ml green tea extracted sample exhibited highest conductivity as compared to the other composites. Activation energy found to increases up to Fe-(0.92M)-Ppy 30ml sample and it was maximum for Fe (1.54M)-Ppy 50ml sample.

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