Growth Responses to Flooding and Recovery of Deciduous Trees

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Frye ◽  
Wolfgang Grosse
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Acer Campestre

Tree seedling flooding tolerance for 22 species was assessed under controlled field conditions. Initial heights under control (freely draining soil, n = 20 per species) and flooded (standing water, depth = 10 cm, n = 20 per species) conditions were measured in March 1990. Survival, height and diameter growth were determined after 120 days. Recovery from flooding effects was assessed in the following growing season from March to August, 1991. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich, exhibited enhanced growth when flooded. Acer saccharinum L., Fraxinus excelsior L., and Quercus robur L. increased diameter but not height growth. The following species exhibited reduced growth and/or survival: Acer campestre L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer rubrum L., Betula nigra L., Betula papyrifera Marsh, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Betula pendula Roth, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Prunus padus L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus palustris M uenchh., Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Rhamnus cathartica L., Salix purpurea L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Tilia cordata Mill., and Ulmus glabra Huds. emend. Moss. Recovery from flooding in the second growing season was well established with A. saccharinum, C. monogyna, Qu. palustris, Qu. petraea, S. purpurea, U. glabra, while height growth relative to the flooding period was retarded in A. rubrum, F. grandifolia, F. excelsior, Qu. robur, Rh. cathartica, and S. aucuparia. Mortality increased with B. p a pyrifera and F. grandifolia. Flooded trees of B. nigra, B. pendula, and Rh. cathartica appeared to be strongly handicapped by losing their natural resistance against frost even in the following growing season. By decreasing shoot height growth and biomass production, long-term flooding is suggested to reduce the competitive ability of most tree species in the succession of natural forests in habitats which will be inundated more frequently in future when precipitation is increased by the predicted climatic change.

Nursery Fertilization and Top Pruning of Slash Pine Seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Duryea
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Top pruning, growing-season fertilization, and fall fertilization were investigated in a Florida nursery to determine the effects on crop yield, morphology, nutrition, and field performance. Top pruning improved crop yield by reducing the number of cull seedlings. Top-pruned seedlings were smaller in diameter, height, and weight and had an increased number of multiple tops. In the field, top-pruned seedlings had the same survival and height growth, and after 3 years the percentage with multiple tops was the same as nonpruned seedlings. From these results, top pruning seems to be a nondetrimental practice for controlling height and producing a uniform crop in the nursery. Reducing growing-season fertilization slightly decreased shoot height, but not as much as top pruning. Also, these seedlings had reduced foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and content and grew less after 1 year in the field indicating that cutting back on N in the nursery may not be a beneficial way to control height. Fall fertilization in the nursery increased N in seedlings but did not affect growth or survival in the field. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):73-76.

scholarly journals Red hot maples: Acer rubrum first-year phenology and growth responses to soil warming

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Wheeler ◽  
N.M. Gonzalez ◽  
K.A. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Trade Offs

Microhabitat environmental conditions are an important filter for seedling establishment, controlling the availability of optimal recruitment sites. Understanding how tree seedlings respond to warming soil temperature is critical for predicting population recruitment in the future hardwood forests of northeastern North America, particularly as environmental conditions and thus optimal microhabitat availabilities change. We examined the effect of soil warming of 5 °C during the first growing season on germination, survival, phenology, growth, and stem and root biomass allocation in Acer rubrum L. (red maple) seedlings. While there was no effect of soil warming on germination or survival, seedlings growing in warmer soils demonstrated significantly accelerated leaf expansion, delayed autumn leaf senescence, and an extended leaf production period. Further, seedlings growing in warmer soils showed larger leaf area and stem and root structures at the end of the first growing season, with no evidence of biomass allocation trade-offs. Results suggest that A. rubrum seedlings can capitalize on soil warming by adjusting leaf phenology and leaf production, resulting in a longer period of carbon uptake and leading to higher overall biomass. The absence of growth allocation trade-offs suggests that A. rubrum will respond positively to increasing soil temperatures in northeastern forests, at least in the early life stages.

Pilidium acerinum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
Acer Campestre ◽  
Cotinus Coggygria

Abstract A description is provided for Pilidium acerinum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution (Algeria, South Africa, Canada, USA, Costa Rica, Argentina, Brazil, Georgia, India, New Zealand, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, UK, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal (mainland, Azores), Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine and Hawaii) and hosts (Acer campestre, Acer negundo, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharophorum, Acer saccharum, Aesculus hippocastanum, Alnus sp., Arbutus unedo, Betula papyrifera, Betula sp., Carpinus betulus, Castanea sp., Coccoloba paniculata, Corylus avellana, Cotinus coggygria, Cotinus sp., Dillenia indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus gunnii, Eucalyptus mitchelliana, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus saligna, Quercus cerris, Quercus pedunculata [Quercus robur], Rubus sp. and Salix sp.).

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals TREE GROWTH RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 632c-632
Author(s):  
Steven C. Wiest ◽  
David L. Hensley
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The prediction of which species will do well in various microclimates is of obvious interest to horticulturists as well as homeowners. To this end, the following 5 species of trees and shrubs where planted at 5 disparate sites across Kansas in spring 1985 and growth and environment measured for the 4 following years: Phellodendron amurense, Acer rubrum, Acer platanoides `Greenlace', Quercus acutissima, and Cercocarpus montanus. Preliminary analysis of trunk diameter growth vs. environment indicates few simple relationships and several rather complex relationships. Rather simplistic linear relationships (growth vs. a single environmental parameter) are largely meaningless, and often misleading. For instance, growth of Q. acutissima was negatively correlated with the highest maximum temperature prior to the growing season and positively correlated with the lowest minimum temperature prior to the growing season. More complex, and reasonable, relationships will be presented.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

The effects of summer shoot production on height growth components of seedlings of California red and white fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Needle Primordia

Morphogenesis of the terminal shoot was studied in 2-year-old seedlings of California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). Seedlings were either watered or left unwatered during the growing season in order to produce different shoot morphologies and seedlings with and without a summer shoot. Under favorable soil moisture, the frequency of summer shoot production was 32, 53, and 82% for red fir and high- and low-elevation white fir, respectively. Drought from mid-May to mid-September reduced summer shoot production to less than 1% in both species. Spring shoot morphology was not an indicator of capacity to produce a summer shoot. Rate of primordium production was directly related to apical dome diameter. However, when the normal spring increase in apical dome diameter was arrested by summer shoot elongation, the rate of primordium production appeared to be unaffected. Although the apical and subapical meristems were active at the same time, they did not appear to be antagonistic. The major effects of producing a summer shoot were as follows: (i) elongation of 60–120% more intemodes in the current growing season, (ii) production of 15–40% more needle primordia in the overwintering bud, (iii) production of 30–60% more primordia annually, and (iv) increase in the percentage of total primordium production that developed into needles from 60% to 75–80%.

New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) in Britain: one new genus, four new species, 19 new records and two incursions

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3578 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL R. L. PYE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Acer Campestre ◽  
Buxus Sempervirens ◽  
Eriophyoid Mites ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
The Family

One new genus and four new species of eriophyoid mites from Britain are described and illustrated: Novophytoptus acu-leatus n. sp. (Phytoptidae) from Juncus squarrosus L. (Juncaceae); Tegnacus unicornutus n. gen. & n. sp. (Eriophyidae)from Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae); Calacarus pusillus n. sp. (Eriophyidae) from Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (Ericace-ae); and Brevulacus extensus n. sp. (Diptilomiopidae) from Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae). Digital micrographs are alsoprovided for each new taxon. Furthermore, 19 eriophyoid species are confirmed or recorded in Britain for the first time:one species in the family Phytoptidae, Trisetacus ehmanni Keifer from Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae); 13 species belong-ing in the family Eriophyidae, Abacarus acutatus Sukhareva and Aceria eximia Sukhareva from Calamagrostis epigeios(L.) Roth (Poaceae), Acaricalus hydrophylli Keifer from Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae), Aceria exigua (Liro) from C.vulgaris, Acaricalus rubrifoliae Labanowski and Glyptacus fagineae Carmona from Q. robur, Aculus cytisi Labanowskifrom Cytisus scoparius (L.) (Fabaceae), Anthocoptes transitionalis Hodgkiss from Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Sapindaceae),Calepitrimerus buxi Petanović from Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae), Calepitrimerus crataegi Malandraki, Petanović& Emmanouel from Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae), Neotegonotus fastigatus (Nalepa) from Acer campestre L.(Sapindaceae), Phyllocoptes abaenus Keifer from Prunus spinosa L., and Platyphytoptus sabinianae Keifer from Pinusnigra J.F. Arnold; five species belonging in the family Diptilomiopidae, Brevulacus reticulatus Manson from Q. robur andQuercus cerris L., Cheiracus ornatus (Farkas) from Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae), Quadracus urticarius (Canestrini &Massalongo) from Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae), Rhinophytoptus bagdasariani Shevtchenko & Pogosova from Ulmusprocera Salisb. (Ulmaceae), and Rhyncaphytoptus amplus Keifer from Acer pseudoplatanus L. Two species are also re-corded here in Britain as incursions, Tumescoptes trachycarpi Keifer on Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. (Are-caceae) from a commercial plant nursery site, and Aceria gilloglii on Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Nakai[=Arundinaria pygmaea (Miq.) Asch. & Graebn. var. disticha (Mitford) C.S. Chao & Renvoize] (Poaceae) from a botan-ical garden. Collection details, distribution records and host symptoms are given for each species. The practice of publishing records solely identified from gall morphology and host association is also discussed.

Effects of aerial strip spraying on mixedwood stand structure and tree growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (04) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Block Area

Herbicide application in strips offers a cost-effective way to accelerate spruce growth in young mixedwood stands, while also retaining the mixedwood character of the stand. In June of 2006 data were collected to evaluate the effects of aerial strip spraying on subsequent growth of treated stands. These blocks had been planted in 1991 and treated in 2000 with Triclopyr ester herbicide applied in strips. Treated and untreated strips averaged 5.8 m and 8.4 m in width, respectively, with 38% of the block area being effectively treated. In 2006 aspen density, DBH, and height were significantly lower in the treated strips compared to either untreated strips or completely untreated blocks. Spruce growth was significantly larger in treated strips with diameter growth responses beginning in the first and height growth responses in the second growing season following treatment. Yield estimates from the Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM) indicate that the strip spray treatments result in the highest spruce yields. However, when understory protection (harvesting aspen at age 70 and spruce at 120) is applied, the untreated blocks provided higher total yield and net present value.

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