Nursery Fertilization and Top Pruning of Slash Pine Seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Duryea
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Top pruning, growing-season fertilization, and fall fertilization were investigated in a Florida nursery to determine the effects on crop yield, morphology, nutrition, and field performance. Top pruning improved crop yield by reducing the number of cull seedlings. Top-pruned seedlings were smaller in diameter, height, and weight and had an increased number of multiple tops. In the field, top-pruned seedlings had the same survival and height growth, and after 3 years the percentage with multiple tops was the same as nonpruned seedlings. From these results, top pruning seems to be a nondetrimental practice for controlling height and producing a uniform crop in the nursery. Reducing growing-season fertilization slightly decreased shoot height, but not as much as top pruning. Also, these seedlings had reduced foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and content and grew less after 1 year in the field indicating that cutting back on N in the nursery may not be a beneficial way to control height. Fall fertilization in the nursery increased N in seedlings but did not affect growth or survival in the field. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):73-76.

Foliar Nitrogen Content at Lifting Correlates with Early Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings from 20 Nurseries

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry S. Larsen ◽  
David B. South ◽  
James N. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Height growth of outplanted loblolly pine seedlings was monitored over a 3-year period. Growth of seedlings from 20 nurseries was correlated with initial seedling characteristics from paired samples. Height growth during the first 6 months after planting was negatively correlated with the initial seedling height and shoot/root ratio and was positively correlated with root growth potential (RGP) and root weight. However, these variables were not significantly correlated with later growth. Foliar nitrogen content (mg of foliar nitrogen per seedling) was positively correlated with both initial and subsequent field growth. Foliar nitrogen content was the only variable that was significantly correlated with diameter growth and volume growth during the third year after planting. This variable accounted for 36% of the variation among sample means for 3-year height growth. These data support a previous report that field performance of loblolly pine seedlings during the first 3 years in the field can be influenced by the foliar nitrogen content at lifting. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):181-185.

Early growth of lodgepole pine after establishment of alsike clover–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Trowbridge ◽  
F.B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Needle Mass

An overdense lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stand was knocked down and the site was prepared by broadcast burn, windrow burn, or mechanical forest floor removal. Inoculated alsike clover (Trifoliumhybridum L.) was seeded at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha for the three different site preparation treatments to determine the effects of (i) site preparation on infection and effectiveness of the clover–Rhizobium symbiosis and clover percent cover and (ii) the clover–Rhizobium N2-fixing symbiosis on survival, early growth, and foliar nitrogen concentration of lodgepole pine seedlings. The N2-fixing symbiosis established well in all treatments. Clover percent cover increased with increasing rate of seeding, although by relatively few percent in the clover seeded plots. Broadcast burning, windrow burning, and mechanical forest floor removal did not affect the establishment of the N2-fixing symbiosis or clover percent cover. Lodgepole pine survival was not affected by the seeding treatments in any year, nor were height measurements during the first three growing seasons. Seedling height was slightly less in clover-seeded plots compared with controls in the fourth growing season. Lodgepole pine seedlings on clover-seeded plots had decreased diameter growth compared with controls during the first three growing seasons, but incremental diameter growth no longer showed this effect by the fourth growing season. Needle mass (g/100 needles) was less in clover-seeded plots at the end of the second growing season, but this effect was reversed by the fourth growing season, when both needle mass and foliar nitrogen concentration in lodgepole pine foliage were greater in clover-seeded plots.

scholarly journals Fall-Applied Nitrogen Improves Performance of 1-0 Slash Pine Nursery Seedlings after Outplanting

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris M. Irwin ◽  
Mary L. Duryea ◽  
Earl L. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Foliar N Concentration

Abstract This study examined the effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) applied to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii [Engelm.]) seedlings in a north central Florida nursery. Treatments were applied during a 4 wk period during November and December, 1989, as follows: control (no fall fertilization—current nursery practice); low N (one application of NH4NO3 at 57 kg N/ha); and high N (three applications at the same rate). At time of lifting and outplanting, there were no significant morphological differences among the treatments, but foliar N concentration increased significantly in accord with treatment. Field performance was evaluated at five site-prepared locations. First-year survival of high N and low N treatments were 15 and 12% greater, respectively, than unfertilized seedlings. First-year heights of the high and low N treatments were 15 and 7% greater, respectively, than the control. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111-116.

Growth Responses to Flooding and Recovery of Deciduous Trees

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Frye ◽  
Wolfgang Grosse
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Tree Seedling ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Acer Campestre

Tree seedling flooding tolerance for 22 species was assessed under controlled field conditions. Initial heights under control (freely draining soil, n = 20 per species) and flooded (standing water, depth = 10 cm, n = 20 per species) conditions were measured in March 1990. Survival, height and diameter growth were determined after 120 days. Recovery from flooding effects was assessed in the following growing season from March to August, 1991. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich, exhibited enhanced growth when flooded. Acer saccharinum L., Fraxinus excelsior L., and Quercus robur L. increased diameter but not height growth. The following species exhibited reduced growth and/or survival: Acer campestre L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer rubrum L., Betula nigra L., Betula papyrifera Marsh, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Betula pendula Roth, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Prunus padus L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Quercus palustris M uenchh., Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Rhamnus cathartica L., Salix purpurea L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Tilia cordata Mill., and Ulmus glabra Huds. emend. Moss. Recovery from flooding in the second growing season was well established with A. saccharinum, C. monogyna, Qu. palustris, Qu. petraea, S. purpurea, U. glabra, while height growth relative to the flooding period was retarded in A. rubrum, F. grandifolia, F. excelsior, Qu. robur, Rh. cathartica, and S. aucuparia. Mortality increased with B. p a pyrifera and F. grandifolia. Flooded trees of B. nigra, B. pendula, and Rh. cathartica appeared to be strongly handicapped by losing their natural resistance against frost even in the following growing season. By decreasing shoot height growth and biomass production, long-term flooding is suggested to reduce the competitive ability of most tree species in the succession of natural forests in habitats which will be inundated more frequently in future when precipitation is increased by the predicted climatic change.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Southern Pine Seedlings to Clopyralid

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Pine Species

Abstract Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Selective Postemergence Herbicides for Yellow Nutsedge Control and Loblolly and Slash Pine Seedling Tolerance

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
D. Paul Jackson ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Over The Top

Abstract Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) is a difficult weed to control in conifer nurseries. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been used to control yellow nutsedge for years but may not be available in the future. For this reason, the objective of this research was to identify herbicides that can control yellow nutsedge but do not injure loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) when used over-the-top of seedlings. Yellow nutsedge tubers and loblolly and slash pine seedlings were potted separately, and treated with three rates of the herbicides mesotrione (Callisto®), imazosulfuron (Valent-V10142), and halosulfuron (Sedgehammer®). Imazosulfuron and halosulfuron provided the best suppression of nutsedge, but imazosulfuron injured loblolly and slash pine. Slash pine diameter and height growth were reduced by imazosulfuron. Halosulfuron did not affect loblolly pine but it reduced slash pine height growth and the number of new leaders (spring flush growth) the following spring. Mesotrione injured slash pine but provided intermediate control of yellow nutsedge. Halosulfuron applied at 35 to 140 g ai·ha−1 (active ingredient per hectare) over the top of loblolly pine (≥ 60 cm height and ≥ 8 mm diameter) can control yellow nutsedge without injuring pine seedlings.

Effect of collection date and storage conditions on field performance of Populus hardwood cuttings

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne S. Fege ◽  
Howard Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Collection Date ◽  
And Storage

Survival and height growth of seven hybrid Populus clones were evaluated for hardwood cuttings collected from September to December, and stored at temperatures from −20 to 2 °C. Field survival was less than 18% for cuttings of all clones collected in September and for cuttings of four clones collected in October and stored at −20 °C. Field survival and height growth during the first growing season were not significantly different for all seven clones collected from October to December and stored at −20 to 2 °C. However, since shoots and roots had begun to emerge from cuttings held at −3 and 2 °C at the end of the storage period, and cuttings at −20 and −10 °C were soaked in water for a week before root emergence and planting, nursery managers gain flexibility by storing cuttings at lower temperatures. Performance of three clones evaluated during 1981–1982 at temperatures from −10 to 2 °C followed the same patterns. Field performance of cuttings of five clones stored in moist mulch and plastic bags did not vary significantly by treatment at two nurseries, but survival of those stored as entire whips varied by location and clone.

scholarly journals Early Field Performance of Small-Sized Silver Birch and Scots Pine Container Seedlings at Different Planting Depths

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
Jaana Luoranen ◽  
Heli Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Container Seedlings ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Deep planting is recommended in Nordic countries only for normal-sized container seedlings planted on mounds. Its effects on smaller-sized seedlings are poorly understood. We studied the effects of planting depth on the early field performance of small-sized silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) container seedlings. Silver birch seedlings (mean height of 16 cm) were planted to depths of 3, 6 and 8 cm on spot mounds in May 2016. Scots pine seedlings (mean height of 9 cm) were planted to depths of 2, 5 and 8 cm on inverted mounds in September 2018 and May 2019. At the end of the first growing season, the deeper-planted birch seedlings were the tallest, as opposed to the deeper-planted Scots pine seedlings. However, the height differences between the planting depths were not apparent until the end of the second growing season in both tree species. Deeper planting decreased damage in Scots pine seedlings in the first growing season, which was not observed in silver birch. Based on our findings, small-sized Scots pine and silver birch seedlings can be planted safely at 6–8 cm planting depths, if at least 20% and 50% of their shoots, respectively, are above ground.

Performance of two combine harvester header in soybean crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
E. M. Samogim ◽  
T. C. Oliveira ◽  
Z. N. Figueiredo ◽  
J. M. B. Vanini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
And Performance

The combine harvest for soybean crops market are currently available two types of combine with header or platform, one of conventional with revolving reel with metal or plastic teeth to cause the cut crop to fall into the auger header and the other called "draper" headers that use a fabric or rubber apron instead of a cross auger, there are few test about performance of this combine header for soybean in Mato Grosso State. The aim of this work was to evaluate the soybean harvesting quantitative losses and performance using two types combine header in four travel speed. The experiment was conducted during soybean crops season 2014/15, the farm Tamboril in the municipality of Pontes e Lacerda, State of Mato Grosso. The was used the experimental design of randomized blocks, evaluating four forward harvesting speeds (4 km h-1, 5 km h-1, 6 km h-1 and 7 km h-1), the natural crops losses were analyzed, loss caused by the combine harvester (combine header, internal mechanisms and total losses) and was also estimated the  field performance of each combine. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by F test and compared of the average by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results show the draper header presents a smaller amount of total loss and in most crop yield when compared with the conventional cross auger.

scholarly journals Analogy-Based Crop Yield Forecasts Based on Temporal Similarity of Leaf Area Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3069
Author(s):  
Yadong Liu ◽  
Junhwan Kim ◽  
David H. Fleisher ◽  
Kwang Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Wide Range

Seasonal forecasts of crop yield are important components for agricultural policy decisions and farmer planning. A wide range of input data are often needed to forecast crop yield in a region where sophisticated approaches such as machine learning and process-based models are used. This requires considerable effort for data preparation in addition to identifying data sources. Here, we propose a simpler approach called the Analogy Based Crop-yield (ABC) forecast scheme to make timely and accurate prediction of regional crop yield using a minimum set of inputs. In the ABC method, a growing season from a prior long-term period, e.g., 10 years, is first identified as analogous to the current season by the use of a similarity index based on the time series leaf area index (LAI) patterns. Crop yield in the given growing season is then forecasted using the weighted yield average reported in the analogous seasons for the area of interest. The ABC approach was used to predict corn and soybean yields in the Midwestern U.S. at the county level for the period of 2017–2019. The MOD15A2H, which is a satellite data product for LAI, was used to compile inputs. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of crop yield forecasts was <10% for corn and soybean in each growing season when the time series of LAI from the day of year 89 to 209 was used as inputs to the ABC approach. The prediction error for the ABC approach was comparable to results from a deep neural network model that relied on soil and weather data as well as satellite data in a previous study. These results indicate that the ABC approach allowed for crop yield forecast with a lead-time of at least two months before harvest. In particular, the ABC scheme would be useful for regions where crop yield forecasts are limited by availability of reliable environmental data.

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