scholarly journals Characteristics of Erythromycin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Raw Milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mahdavi ◽  
Fatemeh Zaboli ◽  
Rahem Khoshbakht
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are one of the most important multidrug resistant microorganisms that threaten human health. Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of erythromycin resistance among MRSA isolates recovered from raw milk in Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 MRSA isolates were recovered from raw milk. Tests for erythromycin and clindamycin susceptibility and inducible clindamycin resistance were done. In addition, the presence of the methicillin resistance determinant (mecA), erythromycin resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA) and an important virulence gene (Panton– Valentine leukocidin) were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Forty-eight percent (24/50) and 46% (23/50) of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. Seven (14%) isolates showed inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype. The mecA gene was detected in 88% (44/50) of MRSA isolates. The incidence of the ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA genes was 14%, 64%, 12%, and 26%, respectively and the PVL gene was present in 18% (9/50) of MRSA isolates. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the incidence of erythromycin resistance genes and inducible clindamycin-resistant MRSA strains was high in raw milk samples in Iran.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Foods of Animal Origin, Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1990-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
BELGİN SİIRİKEN ◽  
TUBA YILDIRIM ◽  
AKİF KORAY GÜNEY ◽  
İRFAN EROL ◽  
BELMA DURUPINAR
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACT In the present study, 175 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) isolates recovered from samples of beef (n = 110), raw milk n = 56), and fish (n = 9) were analyzed for methicillin resistance using MIC and PCR assays. Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolates were then characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). According to findings, 62 (35.4%) of the isolates (44 from beef, 9 from milk, and 9 from fish) were identified as S. aureus based on the presence of the nuc gene. MRCPS was detected in 18 (10.3%) of 175 CPS isolates based on the presence of the mecA gene. Among these isolates, 15 (24.2%) were MRSA: 4 (26.7%) from beef, 2 (13.3%) from milk, and 9 (60%) from fish. However, based on the MIC assay, 21 (12.0%) of the CPS isolates (1 from beef, 15 from milk, and 5 from fish) were MRCPS, indicating a discrepancy between the results of these two methods. The PFGE results indicated genetic heterogeneity of the isolates; six PFGE clusters were found. These results confirm that MRSA is present in foods of animal origin, which is a concern to human health, and indicate the importance of method selection for determination of methicillin resistance. The identity of MR isolates should be verified by PCR to obtain more reliable results.

scholarly journals The First Report of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolate Harboring Type IV SCCmec in Thailand

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Wichai Santimaleeworagun ◽  
Praewdow Preechachuawong ◽  
Wandee Samret ◽  
Tossawan Jitwasinkul
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is mostly found in Thailand in the hospital as a nosocomial pathogen. This study aimed to report the genetic characterization of a clinical community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) isolate collected from hospitalized patients in Thailand. Among 26 MRSA isolates, S. aureus no. S17 preliminarily displayed the presence of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV pattern. The bacterial genomic DNA was subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) production, virulence toxins, and antibiotic resistance genes were identified, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing were performed. The strain was matched by sequence to MLST type 2885 and spa type t13880. This strain carried type IV SCCmec with no PVL production. Five acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, namely blaZ, mecA, Inu(A), tet(K), and dfrG conferring resistance to β-lactams, lincosamides, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, were identified. The detected toxins were exfoliative toxin A, gamma-hemolysin, leukocidin D, and leukocidin E. Moreover, there were differences in seven regions in CR-MRSA no. S17 compared to CA-MRSA type 300. In summary, we have reported the ST2885-SCCmec IV CA-MRSA clinical strain in Thailand for the first time, highlighting the problem of methicillin resistance in community settings and the consideration in choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Detection of mecA gene by latex agglutination and its molecular analysis by PCR in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1363-1370
Author(s):  
Aneela Khawaja ◽  
Iffat Javed ◽  
Sohaila Mushtaq ◽  
Saeed Anwar ◽  
Faiqa Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agglutination Method ◽  
Resistant Strains

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a devastating question that is threatening the health globally. The extensive and indiscriminative use of antibiotics has evolved a notorious resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.  This resistance developed through possession of mecA gene, which codes for modified penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) and the emergent strain being labeled “methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. Conventional phenotypic techniques for detection of MRSA rely on standardization of cultural characteristics. The drawbacks of diagnostic error to report MRSA include: poor prognosis, expensive treatment, dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains and even treatment failure. Latex agglutination method can be adopted as a more accurate and quick strategy for rapid detection of methicillin resistance. Objectives: To compare detection of mecA gene in methicillin resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by latex agglutination and PCR; by assessing the sensitivity and specificity of both methods. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Pathology Department, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Period: From January 2015 to December 2015; according to standard operating procedures at Microbiology laboratory. Material & Methods: A total 713 consecutive, non-duplicate isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were processed. Methicillin resistance was determined using cefoxitin (30mg) by Kirby-Bauer method using CLSI guideline (2016), latex agglutination method; and PCR for mecA gene. Results: The results showed that out of 713 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 92 (12.90%) isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and were labelled as MRSA. majority MRSA isolates recovered from pus (44.57%) and wound swab (20.65%), followed by blood (13.04%), fluid (8.70%), CSF (4.35%), CVP (3.26%), HVS (3.26%) and tracheal secretion (2.17%). By latex agglutination method, 87 (94.50%) were positive for PBP2a; while on PCR mecA gene was detected only in 82 (89.10%) MRSA isolates. When assessed with PCR (gold standard) the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of latex agglutination was 100% and 94.57%, respectively. Conclusion: Latex agglutination test can be employed as rapid and reliable diagnostic technique in MRSA isolates for mecA gene detection, where resources for molecular methods are inadequate. This can effectually lessen the misdiagnosis of resistant strains, and over/ ill-use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a tertiary surgical and trauma hospital in Benghazi, Libya

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 723-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najat Buzaid ◽  
Abdel-Naser Elzouki ◽  
Ibrahim Taher ◽  
Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Fusidic Acid ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug resistant organism that threatens the continued effectiveness of antibiotics worldwide and causes a threat almost exclusively in hospitals and long-term care settings. This study investigated the prevalence of MRSA strains and their sensitivity patterns against various antibiotics used for treating hospitalized patients in a major tertiary surgical hospital in Benghazi, Libya. Methodology: We investigated 200 non-duplicate S. aureus strains isolated from different clinical specimens submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory at Aljala Surgical and Trauma Hospital, Benghazi, Libya from April to July 2007. Isolates were tested for methicillin resistance by the oxacillin disc-diffusion assay according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. MRSA strains were tested for antimicrobial resistance (i.e., vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and fusidic acid) using commercial discs. Information on patient demographics and clinical disease was also collected. Results: Of the isolates examined 31% (62/200) were MRSA. No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of MRSA among S. aureus from females or males or from different age groups. Most MRSA were isolated from burns and surgical wound infections. Antibiotic resistance patterns of 62 patients with MRSA to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, chloramphenicol and erythromycin were 17.7%, 33.9%, 41.9%, 38.7% and 46.8% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: MRSA prevalence in our hospital was high and this may be the case for other hospitals in Libya. A sound surveillance program of nosocomial infections is urgently needed to reduce the incidence of infections due to MRSA and other antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in Libyan hospitals.

scholarly journals Molecular detection and typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cattle, animal handlers, and their environment from Karnataka, Southern Province of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1760-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimita Venugopal ◽  
Susweta Mitra ◽  
Rituparna Tewari ◽  
Feroze Ganaie ◽  
Rajeswari Shome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Background and Aim: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are among the emerging pathogens which have become a threat to both human and animal health. The present investigation intended to examine the occurrence and the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) recovered from cattle, its handlers, and their environment. Materials and Methods: A total of 666 specimens were subjected to culture method and genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Staphylococcus. Methicillin resistance was substantiated by PCR identification of mecA and mecC resistance determinants. Species-specific identification of mecA positive isolates was conducted by multiplex PCR. The unidentified species were deciphered by 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. The mecA positive isolates were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: Duplex PCR identified 728 Staphylococcus isolates, of which 66 (9%) were positive for mecA gene. MRSA constituted 24% of the total mecA positive isolates. Among MRCoNS, Staphylococcus epidermidis (42%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11%) were the most common species identified. Overall, 47% of the mecA positive isolates belonged to SCCmec type V. MLST analysis showed eight different sequence types (STs) among MRSA isolates of which five were novel STs. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, 19 different STs were found, of which nine novel STs were detected. Conclusion: The increase in the prevalence of mecA positive staphylococci, especially MRCoNS in cattle is a great concern in view of their transmission potential. Hence, continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci should be elucidated in human and animal sectors so as to prevent the spread of these resistant pathogens.

scholarly journals Dressed chicken as potential vehicle for spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Sokoto, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. FSO619
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Musawa ◽  
Yusuf Yakubu ◽  
Bashiru Garba ◽  
Fatimah M Ballah ◽  
Hassan Abdurrahman Jibril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Resistance Screening ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Aim: To evaluate the role of dressed chicken in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials and methods: 190 chicken carcass rinsates were subjected to culture and biochemical analyses to isolate and identify MRSA. PCR was used to amplify mecA gene that is responsible for methicillin resistance. Results & conclusion: Culture and molecular analysis showed 19.5% (37/190) of the rinse had MRSA on oxacillin-resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) with 7.9% (15/190) possessing the mecA gene. Significant association (p = 0.044) exist between local-chicken and presence of MRSA, being twice more likely to have MRSA compared to exotic-chickens (odds ratio [OR] = 2.132). Results indicate possible role of dressed-chicken in the spread of MRSA. Authorities should regulate the sale and use of antibiotics by farmers, and enhance hygienic practices at slaughterhouses.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) In A Secondary Care Hospital In North Eastern Part of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Aim: In today’s scenario, Nosocomial infection is a foremost problem in world. Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are not only resistant to several antibiotics but also, show a particular ability to spread in hospitals of many countries. The main objective of the present study is to determine the prevalence of MRSA in surgical wound infections and also to define the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the strains isolated. Materials and Methods: A total of 133 culture positive Staph.aureus were taken from surgical site wound infections for the study during the period from March 2016 to February 2017. Routine Antibiotic Susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted as per latest CLSI guidelines. Methicillin resistance was detected using cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Results: In total of 133 samples, 81 (60.9%) were found to be MRSA. However, no strain was resistant to Vancomycin, Linezolid or Teichoplanin. Conclusion: Vigorous antimicrobial stewardship and strengthened infection control practices are mandatory to prevent spread and reduce emergence of resistance. Customary surveillance of hospital-associated infection and monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern is required to reduce MRSA prevalence.

scholarly journals Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Typing of Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Selected Hospitals in Lahore

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeeza T ◽  
Naeem R ◽  
Nadeem A
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sccmec Types

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been reported in up to 42% of isolates in Pakistan. Methicillin resistance is encoded by the mecA gene and it is transferred by a unique genetic vector called staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec). Depending upon the selection pressures of antibiotics, different types of SCCmec elements may prevail in different parts of the world. Materials and Methods: Therefore, this study was designed to fi nd out the major SCCmec types present in selected hospitals of Lahore. For this purpose thirty fi ve MRSA isolates were collected. These strains were reconfi rmed and SCCmec types were determined by multiplex PCR. Results: It was found that 21 (60%) isolates possess SCCmec type IA while 14 (40%) isolates possess SCCmec type IIC. Conclusion: These cassettes are shown to be multiresistant and have not been reported in other Asian countries so far.

scholarly journals Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Shellfish (Corbiculid heterodont) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Seighazi Regina Egege ◽  
Nedie Patience Akani ◽  
Chidiebele Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nwankwo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

Aims/Objective: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dominant cause of severe healthcare-associated (HA) infections but has recently emerged as Community-Associated (CA-MRSA) and Livestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). This study was carried out to detect the presence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus in Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Corbiculid heterodont in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Place of Study: This study was conducted in Yenagoa, Southern Ijaw and Sagbama Local Government Areas, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methodology: Fifty-three samples (dried, fried and stewed) of the RTE C. heterodont were collected and subjected to standard microbiological procedures. Results: Seventy Staphylococcus spp. were isolated, consisting of 65 (92.86%) S. aureus and 5 (7.14%) coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS). Out of the 65 S. aureus isolates, 53.8% were MRSA. Susceptibility pattern of MRSA showed a decreasing trend of resistance in the order: Amoxacillin, Ampicillin-Cloxacillin, Cefoxitin, and Oxacillin (100%) > Streptomycin (82.9%) >Ceftriaxone (40%) >Cefuroxime (31.4%), > Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (17.1%) > Gentamycin and Pefloxacin (8.6%) > Erythromycin (2.9%).Out of the 65 S. aureus isolates, 62 (95.4%) had Multidrug Resistance Index > 0.2 while 3 (4.6%) had 0.2 as their Multidrug Resistance Index. The MRSA isolates were 100% Multidrug Resistant (MDR) while the Methicillin-Sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were 90% MDR. Molecular characterization of ten S. aureus isolates confirmed 80% S. aureus isolates and 20% CONS (S. sciuri and S. warneri).  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Agarose gel-electrophoresis were used to detect the presence of mecA gene, a gene that confers methicillin resistance. The mecA gene with size 500bp was identified in 50% of MRSA. This study reported presence of MRSA and MDR S. aureus in C. heterodont sold in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. This could be the avenue for the spread of MRSA. Public health awareness campaigns should be advocated to enhance hygienic practices in the handling and distribution of food.

scholarly journals Emergence and Spread in French Hospitals of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Increasing Susceptibility to Gentamicin and Other Antibiotics

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 3452-3457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Lelièvre ◽  
Gerard Lina ◽  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
Claude Olive ◽  
Françoise Forey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Heterogeneous Expression ◽  
Nationwide Surveillance ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

Oxacillin (methicillin) resistance in methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with an increased incidence of resistance to other antibiotics, which has increased since it was first reported in 1969. In 1992 a new phenotype of MRSA arose in France; this was characterized by a heterogeneous expression of resistance to oxacillin and susceptibility to various antibiotics, including gentamicin but also tetracycline, minocycline, lincomycin, pristinamycin, co-trimoxazole, rifampin, and fusidic acid. In French hospitals a longitudinal nationwide surveillance of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus has allowed for the detection of changes in antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Seven French clinical laboratories (six from the mainland and one from the West Indies) reported the results of susceptibility testing of 57,347 S. aureus strains isolated in their institutes between 1992 and 1998. Over a 7-year period the incidence of isolation of gentamicin-susceptible MRSA (GS-MRSA) strains has steadily increased to represent, in 1998, 46.8 to 94.4% of the MRSA strains, irrespective of the overall incidence of MRSA. Two predominant types recognized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) accounted for the majority of the GS-MRSA in different mainland hospitals, both differing from the predominant type observed in the French West Indies. Some GS-MRSA and gentamicin-resistant MRSA (GR-MRSA) strains had closely related PFGE profiles, and hybridization studies confirmed the lack in GS-MRSA of the aac6′-aph2" gene, which confers resistance to all aminoglycosides, with conservation of the ant4′ gene, which confers resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Thus, it is likely that certain GS-MRSA strains could have emerged from GR-MRSA strains by excision or deletion of the aac6′-aph2" gene.

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