A Biomechanical Analysis of Manual Materials Handling Tasks in Restricted Working Postures

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 670-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Gallagher ◽  
Richard L. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Materials Handling ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Kneeling Work ◽  
Centers Of Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional Coordinate

The U. S. Bureau of Mines has developed a biomechanical modeling system to examine the stresses on the lumbar spine when lifting in stooped and kneeling work postures utilized by low-seam underground coal miners. This system allows Bureau researchers to digitize two videotaped views (frontal and sagittal) of underground miners performing various lifting tasks under laboratory conditions. These points are then translated into a three-dimensional coordinate system, and a link man (developed from known anthropometry of the subject) is fitted to the 3-D coordinates. The centers of mass for the various links are calculated according to the body type (rotund, muscular, thin, or median) of the subject. Compression results were estimated using a linear programming internal/external load model. The location of the L3 vertebral body center was calculated based upon anthropometric data and morphometric studies of the lumbar spine. Results of the compression and shear force analyses for restricted lifting postures are presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Kinematic gait analysis of a young man after amputation of the toes

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Forczek ◽  
Tadeusz Ruchlewicz ◽  
Anna Gawęda
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Partial Amputation ◽  
The Subject

Summary Study aim: the foot is recognised as a “functional unit” with two important aims: to support body weight and to serve as a lever to propel the body forward. When it is impaired, the locomotor pattern has to adapt to compensate for the dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate gait kinematics of a man after bilateral partial amputation of the toes. Material and methods: the subject of the study was a young man aged 30 years (body height and mass: 186 cm, 82 kg) who suffered a frostbite injury in the feet while climbing in the severe mountain conditions. After a few months of treatment, the necessary amputation occurred. Three-dimensional lower limb kinematics was collected from motion capture system (Vicon 250) and Golem marker set-up using 5 video-based cameras with infrared strobes. The subject performed over-ground walking at self-selected speed, first barefoot, then wearing athletic shoes. Results: the patient’s results are the mean values of sixteen full gait cycles. The spatiotemporal parameters were lower during gait without shoes. In terms of the angular changes of the lower limb joints in sagittal plane, the analysis revealed similar functional patterns and typical trends in both recorded conditions. The differences, however, occurred in their amplitude. A larger range of motion was generally noted in shod conditions. The higher the joint was, the smaller the differences were. Conclusion: changes in gait due to the forefoot dysfunction may be stabilizing adaptations related to fear of falling. Footwear provided more stable conditions.

scholarly journals Early experience of stereotactic biopsy of brain lesion in tertiary centre of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Binit Kumar Jha ◽  
Prabhat Jha ◽  
Rajiv Jha ◽  
Prakash Bista
Keyword(s):  
Stereotactic Biopsy ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Tertiary Centre ◽  
Pathological Evaluation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Small Targets ◽  
Three Dimensional Coordinate

Background  Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS), etc. Though it was developed a long time ago as a useful adjunct to brain lesions evaluation, use in Nepal is quite recent. Materials and Methods The study included eight patients who underwent frame based stereotactic biopsy and pathological evaluation of specimen at National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS). Results Out of eight patients the results were positive in seven patient and negative in one patient. Conclusions  The basic advantages of stereotaxy were realized in our cases with minimal morbidity and no mortality. Craniotomy for biopsy could be avoided.  

An Examination of Efficiency during Walking in Children and Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine J. Ebbeling ◽  
Joseph Hamill ◽  
Patty S. Freedson ◽  
Thomas W. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work Done

This study compared metabolic, kinematic, and efficiency parameters in 10 boys and 10 men while walking at speeds of similar relative intensities. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were monitored throughout the exercise and a sagittal view of the subject was filmed for biomechanical analysis. Angles of the hip, knee, and ankle changed with an increase in walking speed. There were kinematic differences between children and adults at the hip and knee. Heart rate and oxygen consumption (ml•kg−1•min−1) were greater in the children. There were no significant differences between children and adults when VO2 was normalized by body surface area rather than body mass. The work done by the body was greater in the adults, whereas the energy used was greater in the children. Therefore the children appeared less efficient. The reasons for the efficiency difference are not well documented. Scaling effects may be involved and therefore should be taken into consideration when comparing children and adults.

Classification analysis of young female students’ waist–abdomen–hip based on body photos

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1409-1418
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Cai ◽  
Bingfei Gu ◽  
Huazhou He
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Young Female ◽  
The Body ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Young Females

To improve body-type classification research and personalized clothing, this study adopted a research method of “three-dimensional (3D) scanning + photos” for the body-shape classification of young females’ waist–abdomen–hip. A total of 178 female college students were recruited for manual, photo and 3D body measurement to get the main body information. Based on the data acquired from 3D scanning, the corresponding heights, angles and other parameters of the waist, abdomen and hip were selected and used to analyze the human body in two respects of shape and height. Then the body-shape indexes and the height indexes were respectively analyzed, and 16 shape characteristic indicators and four height characteristic parameters affecting the waist, abdomen and hip were extracted. Three types in shape and two types in height were obtained, and the main classification rules of the waist–abdomen–hip shape were also concluded to identify the body type based on the body measurements extracted from body photos, which realized the automatic body-type identification based on body photos. It was of great practical significance to provide a basis for personalized customization of fast clothing and the subdivision of the human body shape, which could meet the individual customer’s requirements.

Biomechanical Analysis in the Lumbar Spine During Two-Step Traction Therapy

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Hyuk Kim ◽  
Won Man Park ◽  
Kyungsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Spine Biomechanics ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Axial Traction ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

Traction therapy is a widely used conservative treatment for low back pain. However, the effects of traction therapy on lumbar spine biomechanics are not well known. We investigated biomechanical effects of two-step traction therapy, which consists of global axial traction and local decompression, on the lumbar spine using a validated three-dimensional finite element model of the lumbar spine. One-third of body weight was applied at the center of the L1 vertebra toward the superior direction for the first axial traction. Anterior translation of L4 spinal bone was considered as the second local decompression. The lordosis angle between the superior planes of the L1 vertebra and sacrum was 44.6° at baseline, 35.2° with global axial traction, and 46.4° with local decompression. The fibers of annulus fibrosus in the posterior region, and intertransverse and posterior longitudinal ligaments experienced stress primarily during global axial traction, these stresses decreased during local decompression. A combination of global axial traction and local decompression would be helpful for reducing tensile stress on the fibers of the annulus fibrosus and ligaments, and intradiscal pressure in traction therapy. The present study could be used to develop a safer and more effective type of traction therapy.

The Research of Princess Line’s Pattern Design in Women’s Upper Suits - Based on Young Female Bodies in Zhejiang Province

2011 ◽  
Vol 175-176 ◽  
pp. 952-957
Author(s):  
Jing Jin ◽  
Jing Jing Zhou ◽  
Kang Fu Zhang ◽  
Jian Wei Tao
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Young Female ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Pattern Design ◽  
Female Bodies

In order to study the Princess Line in women’s suits, based on the body type of young female in Zhejiang province, this research used 3 pieces pattern and 4 pieces pattern as templates. According to different modeling Princess Lines, the researchers made patterns and sample suits. Combining with subjective experiment by mean of trying suits on, the researchers used Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Fuzzy Mathematics to analyse the data. Compared with the 3 pieces pattern, the results showed that the suits of four pieces pattern has better three-dimensional shape, and it’s more fashionable and has better appearance. Both of the diverting amount of breast dart and the horizontal distance from BP to Princess Line are important keys to cloths appearance. Further more, for 4 pieces samples, when diverting amount of the dart at breast is 1/2, it can show best pleasant curve of the female. Considering of the trend of fashion, we also concluded that for four pieces of samples and the three pieces ones when the horizontal distance from BP to Princess Line is 3.5mm and 5.5mm respectively, Princess Line of the two types of suits will show more beautiful appearance.

scholarly journals Biomechanical analyses of the performance of Paralympians: from foundation to elite level

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Curran ◽  
Laurent Frossard
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
London 2012 ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Complexity Constraints ◽  
User Friendly

A biomechanical analysis of sports performance provides an objective method of determining performance of a particular sporting technique. In particular, it aims to add to the understanding of the mechanisms influencing performance, characterization of athletes and provide insights into injury predisposition. While the performance in sport of able-bodied athletes is well recognized in the literature, less information and understanding are known on the complexity, constraints and demands placed on the body of an individual with a disability. This article provides a dialogue that outlines scientific issues of the performance analysis of multi-level athletes with a disability, including Paralympians. Four integrated themes are explored, the first of which focuses on how biomechanics can contribute to the understanding of sports performance in athletes with a disability and how it may be used as an evidence-based tool. This latter point questions the potential for a possible cultural shift led by the emergence of user-friendly instruments. The second theme briefly discusses the role of reliability of sports performance and addresses the debate of two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses. The third theme addresses key biomechanical parameters and provides guidance to clinicians and coaches on the approaches adopted using the biomechanical/sports performance analysis for an athlete with a disability starting out, to the emerging and elite Paralympian. For completeness of this discourse, the final theme is based on the controversial issues on the role of assisted devices, and the inclusion of Paralympians into able-bodied sport. All combined, this dialogue highlights the intricate relationship between biomechanics and training of individuals with a disability. Furthermore, it illustrates the complexity of modern training of athletes, which can only lead to a better appreciation of the performances to be delivered in the London 2012 Paralympic Games. Clinical relevance Biomechanical analysis can play a fundamental role in optimizing the performance of an athlete with a disability. Clinicians should be aware and understand the mechanisms that may influence performance and have an appreciation of the factors that may predispose such athletes to injury.

Nonlinear FEA Simulation of Thorax Considering Transient CPR and Lateral Forces

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Awad ◽  
Yahia M. Al-Smadi
Keyword(s):  
Impact Load ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Lateral Impact ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
The Impact

Boxing or martial arts are games where players chests are subject to lateral impact, the impact loads travel through skin, ribs, mediastinum (i.e. a thoracic compartment) and then through the skeleton to the rest of the body. When thorax is subject to lateral force exceeding the elastic limit of thoracic compartment, players often go in shock demanding prompt resuscitation. This paper investigates the thorax response of boxer being subject to lateral impact followed by Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Due to complexity of thorax structure and materials, three dimensional finite element model in ANSYS was created to perform the computational biomechanical analysis of two-stage loading (i.e. lateral impact load and CPR forces). Model input parameters such as material, loading and boundary conditions have been defined. Post processing values such as deformations and stresses have been presented.

Biomechanically-Determined Guidelines for Occupational Pushing and Pulling

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
Eric B. Weston ◽  
Alexander Aurand ◽  
Jonathan S. Dufour ◽  
Gregory G. Knapik ◽  
William S. Marras
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Materials Handling ◽  
Spinal Loads ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hand Force ◽  
Risk Limits ◽  
Pushing And Pulling

Background: In an attempt to reduce heavy lifting exposures, the manual materials handling burden has shifted towards pushing and pulling. Pushing and pulling may pose a biomechanical risk due to excessive loads placed onto the lumbar spine, particularly in anterior/posterior (A/P) shear (Knapik and Marras 2009). The only risk limits available in the scientific literature for pushing and pulling were psychophysically-determined, relying on the assumption that subjective perception of an individual’s maximum acceptable external forces corresponds to biomechanical tolerance (Snook and Ciriello 1991). However, individuals are unlikely able to sense biomechanical loading on critical tissues in the spine due to the lack of nociceptors in the intervertebral disc (Adams et al. 1996). As such, the objective of this study was to create a set of biomechanically-determined risk limits for occupational pushing and pulling that are protective of the low back. Methods: Sixty-two subjects (31 male, 31 female) performed occupational pushing and pulling tasks in a laboratory. Subjects performed three types of exertions (one-handed pull, two-handed pull, two-handed push) at three handle heights (32 in., 40 in., 48 in.) and in one of two directions (straight or turn). Subjects pushed or pulled on custom-built hand transducers connected to an overhead braking system via a rig while performing each exertion. To document a wide range of pushing and pulling exposures, the braking system incrementally increased the linear or rotational resistance proportional to the subject’s changes from the initial global position throughout each trial; subjects exerted up to a maximum voluntary exertion. Dependent measures consisted of the magnitude and direction of three-dimensional forces recorded at the hands, turning torques, net joint moments calculated at each shoulder, and three-dimensional spinal loads (compression, A/P shear, lateral shear) at the superior and inferior endplates of each spinal level extending from T12/L1 to L5/S1, as calculated by a dynamic EMG-driven biomechanical spine model (Knapik and Marras 2009; Hwang et al. 2016a; Hwang et al. 2016b). Multiple linear regression techniques correlated spinal loads with hand force or turning torque in order to develop biomechanically-determined hand force and turning torque limits. The values for straight two-handed pushing and pulling were also compared to psychophysically-determined thresholds developed by Snook and Ciriello (1991). Results and Discussion: The independent measures (exertion type, handle height, and exertion direction) and their interactions significantly influenced dependent measures of hand force, turning torque, shoulder moment, and spinal load. In agreement with Knapik and Marras (2009), spinal loads most frequently exceeded tissue tolerance limits for spinal loading (NIOSH 1981; Gallagher and Marras 2012) in A/P shear. The biomechanically-determined limits developed from this work are up to 30% lower than the closest psychophysically-derived equivalents (Snook and Ciriello 1991). Conclusion: Psychophysically-derived hand force limits are not protective enough of biomechanical risk imposed onto the lumbar spine during pushing and pulling. The biomechanically-determined pushing and pulling guidelines proposed herein provide a more objective and conservative indication of risk and should be implemented moving forward.

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