THE ASSESSMENT OF GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM APPLICATION IN AMERICAN, AUSTRALIA, TAIWAN, NEW ZEALAND, SOUTH KOREA, AND PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Height or depth on the surface of the Earth is the crucial element in the three-dimensional coordinate system. Commonly, the height or depth value will denote a particular reference surface known as a vertical datum. Conventionally, the vertical datum is divided into two major categories which are Geoid/ Mean Sea Level and Lowest Astronomical Tide. This paper is an effort to review the applications of geodetic vertical datum from American, Australia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Korea, and Peninsular Malaysia. An overview of geodetic vertical datum will be summarised to support the future application. Thus, a review consisting of a data gathering, data input, and analysis approach in vertical datum applications will be discussed and outlined. This initiative is significant for the planning and advancement of future vertical datum development in Malaysia.

Minimum size and positioning of imaging field for CBCT-scans of impacted lower third molars: a retrospective study

Background Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is widely used for preoperative 3D imaging of lower third molars. Hence, for this imaging indication, the present study aimed to define the minimum field-of-view (FOV) size and its optimum placement, to decrease radiation exposure, and highlight the need of computer-assisted FOV centering technique for dental CBCT devices. To facilitate proper placement of image field, lower second molar was chosen as reference. Methods The retrospective study included 50 CBCT-scans of 46 patients with mean age of 34 years. Based on the lower second molar, a three-dimensional coordinate was formed and the location of mandibular canal (MC) and the dimensions and locations of the lower third molars, and possible associated pathological findings were assessed. Accordingly, the FOV size and position for third-molar imaging were optimized, while ensuring encompassment of all relevant structures. Results The minimum cylindrical volume, covering lower third molars and MC, was 32.1 (diameter) × 31.6 (height) mm, placed in relation to the second molar crown, top 2.2 mm above cusp tips, anterior edge 6.7 mm in the front of the most distal point of the crown, and lingual edge 7.9 mm on the medial side of the lingual wall. Conclusions The optimized FOV for lower third molars was smaller than common standard small FOVs. We recommend using FOV volume 3.5∅ × 3.5 cm for third molars without associated pathology. Accurate FOV protocols are essential for development of new CBCT-devices with computer-assisted and indication-specific FOV placement.

Research on the optimal aggregation method of fuzzy preference information based on spatial Steiner-Weber point

In view of the present situation that most aggregation methods of fuzzy preference information are extended or mixed by classical aggregation operators, which leads to the aggregation accuracy is not high. The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel method for spatial aggregation of fuzzy preference information. Thus we map the fuzzy preference information to a set of three-dimensional coordinate and construct the spatial aggregation model based on Steiner-Weber point. Then, the plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) algorithm is used to find the spatial aggregation point. According to the comparison and analysis of the numerical example, the aggregation matrix established by our method is closer to the group preference matrices. Therefore, the optimal aggregation point obtained by using the optimal aggregation method based on spatial Steiner-Weber point can best represent the comprehensive opinion of the decision makers.

The implementation and advancement of a regional geodetic vertical datum

The essential parameter in computing three-dimensional coordinate system is the height or depth of the Earth’s surface. It represents a particular reference surface that recognised as a vertical datum. The vertical datum is alienated into two foremost categories recognised as Mean Sea Level and Lowest Astronomical Tide. Different modifications approach, techniques and software programs are developed to determine vertical datum of a region with respect to geoid surface. This paper presents an effort to review and discuss the implementations and advancement of geodetic vertical datum based on geoid height reference surface. Hence, there are eight countries will be extracted and outlined in this paper consist of the United States of America, Australia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, Philippines and Malaysia. An overview of geodetic vertical datum which implemented in these countries are summarised to support the future development of a regional vertical datum model. Then, the overview will also be utilised and analysed based on the essential elements and parameters for vertical datum model determination which include: data gathering, data input and analysis approach in order to develop a geodetic vertical datum model with good accuracy. These attempt and initiative are vital for the current and future implementation and advancement of geodetic vertical datum in the region of Malaysia across land and marine areas.

SOLVING HEAT ENGINEERING PROBLEMS USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Introduction: In the course of the study, we examined energy-efficient and environmentally friendly heat-insulating materials based on gypsum and gypsum-containing primary components. Purpose of the study: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of using gypsum materials in wall structures, by using the finite element method based on the ANSYS Steady State Thermal module. Porous materials of different densities (structural, structural and heat-insulating, and heatinsulating gypsum concrete) were used as wall materials. These materials were obtained as a result of the interaction between residual sulfuric acid adsorbed on the grains of “acidic” fluoroanhydrite and carbonate flour. Methods: The finite element method based on the ANSYS Steady State Thermal module was used. The thermal conductivity of the structures was evaluated in a three-dimensional coordinate system. The experimental values of thermal and physical characteristics were adopted for the walling fragments. Results: The problem was solved numerically, by using the finite element method based on the ANSYS Steady State Thermal module. We established that the developed structural and heat-insulating gypsum concrete is more effective since, under the set design conditions, the temperature of the inner surface of such a wall at the minimum (510 mm) and maximum (770 mm) structure thickness exceeds the temperature of the inner surface of walls made of different materials.

Elementary Methods for Generating Three-Dimensional Coordinate Estimation and Image Reconstruction from Series of Two-Dimensional Images

The increase in computational power in recent years has opened a new door for image processing techniques. Three-dimensional object recognition, identification, pose estimation, and mapping are becoming popular. The need for real-world objects to be mapped into three-dimensional spatial representation is greatly increasing, especially considering the heap jump we obtained in the past decade in virtual reality and augmented reality. This paper discusses an algorithm to convert an array of captured images into estimated 3D coordinates of their external mappings. Elementary methods for generating three-dimensional models are also discussed. This framework will help the community in estimating three-dimensional coordinates of a convex-shaped object from a series of two-dimension images. The built model could be further processed for increasing the resemblance of the input object in terms of its shapes, contour, and texture.

Hyvin edessä, ihan yläpuolella, melkein vierellä – Mitä astemääritteet kertovat akseligrammien semantiikasta

Abstrakti. Projektiiviset grammit (kieliopilliset sanat, esimerkiksi edessä, oikealla, yläpuolella) asemoivat muuttujan (Figure) kolmiulotteiseen koordinaatistoon, jonka suhteutuskohtana on kiintopiste (Ground). Grammeilla on lisäksi skalaarisia merkityksiä, joita voidaan korostaa astemääritteiden avulla. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomen projektiivisten grammien esiintymismahdollisuuksia astemääritteiden kanssa, jotka ilmaisevat joko avointa (melko, hyvin) tai sulkeista skaalaa (melkein, aivan). Tarkastelussa erottuu kolme astemääritteen ja grammin yhteisesiintymän päätyyppiä. Tyypissä (1) muuttuja sijaitsee säiliömäisen kiintopisteen (kuten rakennuksen) sisäpuolella. Skalaarinen merkitys perustuu tällöin muuttujan vähenevään etäisyyteen kiintopisteen yhdestä sisärajasta (esimerkiksi seinästä): mitä lähempänä muuttuja sijaitsee rajaa, sitä korkeampi skalaarisuus (Istuin teatterissa melko edessä ~ ihan vasemmalla). Tyypissä (1) esiintyy niin avoimen kuin sulkeisen skaalan astemääritteitä. Kahdessa muussa päätyypissä muuttuja sijaitsee kiintopisteen ulkopuolella, ja skalaarisuus perustuu joko (2) muuttujan ja kiintopisteen välisen etäisyyden vähenemiseen (Auto seisoi ihan ’välittömästi’ oven edessä) tai (3) muuttujan skalaarisesti vähenevään poikkeamaan koordinaatiston jostain akselista (Lamppu riippui melkein ~ täsmälleen ’suoraan’ pöydän yläpuolella). Tyypeissä (2) ja (3) esiintyy vain sulkeisen skaalan astemääritteitä. Abstract. Tuomas Huumo: What degree modifiers reveal about the meaning of Finnish spatial grams? Projective spatial grams (‘in front of’, ‘to the right of’, ‘above’) localize Figure (F) in a three-dimensional coordinate system with Ground (G) as its origin. This paper addresses the compatibility of Finnish projective grams with degree modifiers (DM). DMs comprise two types: a) open-scale DMs (‘somewhat’, ‘rather’, ‘very’) and b) closed-scale DMs (‘almost’, ‘quite’, ‘completely’). Three types of scalar meaning are observed. The first one (1) applies when F is inside G, and the scalar conceptualization is based on a decreasing distance between F and one extremity of the inside of G. In type (1), both open- and closed-scale DMs are felicitous. The two other types concern situations in which F is outside G and the scalar meaning is based on either (2) a decreasing distance between F and G or (3) an increasing preciseness of F’s alignment on an axis. In (2) and (3), only closed-scale DMs are felicitous. Kokkuvõte. Tuomas Huumo: Mida kõnelevad astmemäärused soome keele projektiivsete grammide tähenduse kohta? Projektiivsed grammid (‘ees’, ‘paremal’, ‘kohal’) lokaliseerivad kujundi (Figure) kolmemõõtmelises koordinaatsüsteemis, mille alguspunktiks on taust (Ground). Artiklis analüüsitakse soome keele projektiivsete grammide koosesinemise võimalusi kaht tüüpi astmemäärustega: a) avatud skaala astmemäärused (intensiivsusmäärused, nt ‘natuke’, ‘üsna’, ‘väga’) ja b) suletud skaala astmemäärused (täielikkusastme määrused, nt ‘peaaegu’, ‘täiesti’). Autor eristab kolme astmemääruse ja grammi koosesinemise põhitüüpi. Tüübis (1) asub kujund kolmemõõtmelise tausta seespool. Skalaarne tähendus põhineb kujundi ning tausta siseruumi ühe serva vahelise kauguse vähenemisel: mida lähemal paikneb kujund servale, seda kõrgem on skalaarsus (nt ‘Istusin teatris üsna ees ~ päris vasakul’). Tüübis (1) esinevad nii avatud kui suletud skaala astmemäärused. Ülejäänud kahes tüübis paikneb kujund väljaspool tausta, ning skalaarsus põhineb kas (2) kujundi ja tausta vahelise kauguse vähenemisel (nt ‘Auto seisis peaaegu ~ täitsa ukse ees’) või (3) kujundi asendi väheneval kõrvalekaldel koordinaatsüsteemi teatud teljest (nt ‘Lamp rippus peaaegu ~ täpselt laua kohal’). Tüüpides (2) ja (3) esinevad ainult suletud skaala astmemäärused.

Object Grasping Instructions to Support Robot by Laser Beam One Drag Operations

We propose a system in which users can intuitively instruct the robot gripper’s positions and attitudes simply by tracing the object’s grasp part surface with one stroke (one drag) of the laser beam. The proposed system makes use of the “real world clicker (RWC)” we have developed earlier, a system capable of obtaining with high accuracy the three-dimensional coordinate values of laser spots on a real object by mouse-operating the time-of-flight (TOF) laser sensor installed on the pan-tilt actuator. The grasping point is specified as the centroid of the grasp part’s plane region by the laser drag trajectory. The gripper attitude is specified by selecting the left and right drag modes that correspond to the PC mouse’s left and right click buttons. By doing so, we realize a grasping instruction interface where users can take into account various physical conditions for the objects, environments, and grippers. We experimentally evaluated the proposed system by measuring the grasping instruction time of multiple test subjects for various daily use items.

Numerical Network Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer through Capillary-Porous Building Materials

The article presents the modeling of the dynamics of the vapor-gas mixture and heat and mass transfer (sorption-desorption) in the capillary structure of the porous medium. This approach is underpinned by the fact that the porous structure is represented by a system of linear microchannels oriented along the axes of a three-dimensional coordinate system. The equivalent diameter of these channels corresponds to the average pore diameter, and the ratio of the total pore volume to the volume of the entire porous material corresponds to its porosity. The entire channel area is modeled by a set of cubic elements with a certain humidity, moisture content, pressure and temperature. A simulation is carried out taking into account the difference in temperatures of each of the phases: solid, liquid and gas.