Skip and Scan Telephone Menus: User Performance as a Function of Experience

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Virzi ◽  
Paul Resnick ◽  
Don Ottens
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Interactive Voice Response ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
User Performance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ivr Systems ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Voice Response

We present the results of a laboratory study comparing three styles of audio menus. One of these styles is the technique predominantly employed in interactive voice response (IVR) systems today. Two alternatives to this Standard technique were evaluated in this study. One of these alternatives was first proposed in Resnick and Virzi (1992), which they called Skip and Scan menus. This new style was hypothesized to be superior to Standard menus for intermediate users, but was expected to show limitations for one-time callers and expert users. The third menu alternative we evaluated combines elements of the Standard and Skip and Scan menus and was hypothesized to be superior in a broad range of usage conditions. Performance was measured over 36 tasks and two IVR applications. In all but the first few trials, the Skip and Scan menu style reported in Resnick and Virzi led to performance equal to or better than the other two menu styles. Standard menus showed a performance benefit for the first few trials of the first application only: this benefit was not present in the second application. There were no differences among the techniques in the trials simulating expert behavior.

Telephone-Based Menus: Evidence that Broader is Better than Deeper

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Virzi ◽  
John S. Huitema
Keyword(s):  
Interactive Voice Response ◽  
Item Selection ◽  
Menu Item ◽  
Ivr Systems ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Voice Response ◽  
Menu Item Selection

Recent guidelines intended for designers of telephone menus for Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems advocate keeping menus to four or fewer items. Additional items, the guidelines recommend, should appear on a secondary menu accessible from the first. The current study compared this deep-menu approach to a broad-menu approach wherein all the items appear on a single menu. Item selection times favored the broad-menu approach for both repeated and unique trials, casting some doubt on the validity of this particular guideline.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

scholarly journals ЗИМОСТІЙКІСТЬ ТА УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ СОРТІВ ЯЧМЕНЮ ОЗИМОГО

2012 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
І. І. Ярчук ◽  
В. Ю. Божко ◽  
В. А. Войт
Keyword(s):  
Winter Barley ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Better Than

Наведені результати досліджень сортової реакціїячменю озимого на строки сівби та норми висівунасіння залежно від гідротермічних умов року.Значна увага надається вивченню впливу строківсівби та норм висіву насіння на зимостійкість по-сівів ячменю озимого. Встановлено, що краще відінших зимував сорт Сіндерела. Найвищою уро-жайністю виділявся вітчизняний сорт Основа засівби в оптимальний для підзони строк – початоктретьої декади вересня (22.09) із нормою висіву3,5 млн схожого насіння на гектар. Results of the research of winter barley reaction on the sowingterms and seeding rates depending on hydrothermal conditions ofthe year are given. Great attention is paid to the research of thedependence of the sowing terms and seeding rates on the winterbarley resistance to cold. It has been established that varietyCinderella wintered better than the other varieties. The domesticvariety Osnova had the greatest productivity in sowing in theoptimal term for the subarea in the beginning of the third decade ofSeptember (22 Sept) with seeding rate 3.5 million germinable seedsper a hectare.

scholarly journals Comparison of Three Methods for Determining Aflatoxins in Melon Seeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1330-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent P Diprossimo ◽  
Emil G Malek
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
The Third ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Melon Seeds ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The suitability of 3 methods for determining aflatoxins in melon seeds was examined. The first 2 are the Contaminants Branch (CB) method and the Best Foods (BF) method, both official methods for determining aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut products. The third method, the modified CB method–Rapid Modification of the Cottonseed (CB-RCSMod) method, devised in this work, was derived by combining steps from the CB method and the Rapid Modification of the Cottonseed method. The CB method was superior to the other 2 methods for quantitation of aflatoxins. It gave better recoveries and cleaner extracts that exhibit less fluorescent interference for thin-layer chromatography (TLC) than the BF method. Also, its solvent efficiency was better than that of the CB-RCS-Mod method. With the CB method, recoveries from spiked samples were 85.0% for aflatoxin B1 and 90.0% for anatoxin B2. Recoveries of G1 aflatoxins were more variable, averaging 90.0% for aflatoxin d and 72.5% for aflatoxin G2. Total aflatoxin recovery was 86.5% for the CB method. At a low aflatoxin contamination level (8 μg B1/kg sample), aflatoxin B1 was detectable by the CB method but not by the BF method. Detection of aflatoxins in BF method sample extracts by TLC was not improved by the use of chloroform–acetone–water (88 + 12 + 1), benzene–ethanol–water, or ether–methanol–water (96 + 3 +1) in place of the standard chloroform–acetone (88 + 12) developer. Use of ether–methanol–water (96 + 3 + 1) for detecting aflatoxins by TLC in the CB method extracts increased interference compared with the standard chloroform–acetone (88 + 12) developer.

Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Systems as Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Comes of Age

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryle Gardner-Bonneau ◽  
Cristina Delogu ◽  
Chuck Green ◽  
Lydia Volaitis ◽  
Martha Lindeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Automatic Speech Recognition ◽  
Interactive Voice Response ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Customers ◽  
Workplace Speech ◽  
Ivr Systems ◽  
Made In ◽  
Voice Response

While interactive voice response (IVR) systems were rapidly making their way into the workplace, speech scientists were working hard to improve the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems to foster their acceptance among potential customers. In the last five years, great strides have been made in this regard, and the commercial use ASR is on the rise. The purpose of this panel is to explore the impact that ASR is (or is not) having on the design of IVR systems that were envisioned originally to operate solely via touch-tone input.

The Division of Parts Among the Actors in Sophocles'Oedipus Coloneus

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B Ceadel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stranger ◽  
Single Part ◽  
Two Alternatives

The distribution of the parts among the actors in theO.C.is a problem that has long defied solution. In all the other extant plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides the dramatis personae can without difficulty be divided between three actors: but the construction of theO.C.is so complex that it does not admit any such simple allocation. When the part of Oedipus (1–1555) has been assigned to the first actor, and that of Antigone (1–847, 1099–555, 1670–end) to the second, the roles of the Stranger (36–80), Ismene (324–509, 1099–555 mute, 1670–end), Creon (728–1043), and Polyneices (1254–446) must clearly belong to the third: who, then, is to play Theseus (551–667, 887–1043, 1099–210, 1500–55, 1751–end)? It seems impossible to allot the partcompleteto any one of the three actors. Faced by this crux, all those who have dealt with the subject have chosen one or the other of two clear-cut alternatives, either the assumption of a fourth regular actor, or else the splitting-up of the single part of Theseus between two or three actors. These two alternatives, both of which are far from satisfactory—the former infringing the three-actor rule, the latter offending against scenic probability and realism—are fully examined below; at the end of the paper a new part-distribution is suggested, which, it is hoped, avoids both these faults.

Evaluation of Several Modifications of an Ecometric Technique for Assessment of Media Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1727-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY L. KORNACKI ◽  
JOSHUA B. GURTLER ◽  
ZHINONG YAN ◽  
CHAD M. COOPER
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
The Third ◽  
Small Loop ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg ◽  
Better Than

Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes 101M, Jonesia denitrificans, salmonellae, and Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 across nine media was evaluated with three modified versions of an ecometric method. Two approaches involved the use of broth cultures (108 to 109 CFU/ml) of individual strains and either large (10-μl) or small (1-μl) presterilized plastic loops. The third approach involved precultured slants and the inoculation of media with presterilized plastic inoculating needles (104 CFU per needle). Absolute growth indices (AGIs) were compared. No significant differences (P < 0.05) between methods were found when tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSAYE) was used for the recovery of L. monocytogenes, J. denitrificans, Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354, and Salmonella spp. However, the small loop–broth technique recovered significantly fewer Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W cells than the other two techniques did. The performance of each individual bacterial strain on each of nine media was assayed. The recovery of L. monocytogenes was excellent (AGI > 4.8) with TSAYE, PALCAM, modified Oxford medium (MOX), and Baird-Parker agar and slight with modified PRAB (AGI = 0.4) and deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar (<0.1), and the organism was not recovered with the remaining media (modified lysine iron agar [MLIA], xylose lysine desoxycholate [XLD] agar, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 [XLT4] agar). The recovery of J. denitrificans with TSAYE and MOX was excellent, significantly better than that achieved with PALCAM (AGI = 3.0), but the organism was not recovered with Baird-Parker agar or with the other media tested. The recovery of Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 was excellent with TSAYE and modified PRAB medium > Baird-Parker agar > acidified MRS agar, but the organism was not recovered with any of the other media tested. The best recovery of S. enterica Typhimurium DT104 was achieved with TSAYE > MLIA ≥ XLD agar ≥ XLT4 agar > Baird-Parker > PALCAM, MOX, acidified MRS agar, modified PRAB, and MRS agar. The best recovery of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W was achieved with TSAYE, MLIA, and XLD agar > XLT4 agar, but the organism was not recovered with the other media evaluated.

Design and Implementation Based on Telecommunications Platform Electronic Lottery Sales System

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 5190-5193
Author(s):  
Peng Tian ◽  
Ying Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Interactive Voice Response ◽  
Payment System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Voice Response

This product is based on the telecom platform and unified payment platform completed using telephone, web pages and then complete the purchase of electronic lottery deducted by telecommunication unified e-commerce system. The system is designed to provide users with a convenient and secure electronic concise quick way to buy lottery tickets. On the one hand you can use fixed telephone IVR(interactive voice response) to achieve electronic lottery purchases, it’s of ways to buy at the same time. On the other hand you can also buy lottery tickets, select the number and Check winning information on it 。This unified payment system is provided by the unified payment platform the cost of buy lottery tickets will deducted from the bill in uniform. In addition, this system can provide a detailed list of rates inquiries.

Unlearning in Free Learning as a Function of Context Change and Retention Interval

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Abra ◽  
Patricia S. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

A list of 20 words was presented 4 times to 3 groups of Ss. After each presentation, Ss attempted to recall as many of the words as possible, in any order they wished. Two experimental groups then learned a second unrelated list for 6 such free-learning trials, while the third group (control) did not. One of the experimental groups had a changed environment for List-2 learning, while the other group was unchanged. Retention of both lists (MMFR) was tested either after List-2 learning or 24 hr. later. The control recalled List 1 better than the two experimental groups, which did not differ from each other. List-1 recall in the experimental groups did not change over time.

Optimal Design of Inlet Structure of High-Pressure Tubular Reactor Jacket

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 1254-1257
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Ji ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Flow Characteristic ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tube Structure ◽  
Better Than

Flow characteristic of the desalted water influenced by three inlet structures in different diameter nomal tube, equal diameter nomal tube and tangential tube inlet of the jacketed tube in high-pressure tubular reactor was investigated based on computational fluid dynamics. The results show that the desalted water flow forms a region where the flow velocity is close to zero in the different diameter nomal tube structure and temperature of the desalted water in this region raises notablely. It is also found that the peaks of the shear stress occur at wall inside near inlet of the jacket. The other structures avoid in large extent advent of the former two phenomena and obviously reduce the shear stress value at wall. From the results, the second inlet structure is better than the third and the third better than the first.

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