Metabolites are closely related to human disease. The interaction between metabolites and drugs has drawn increasing attention in the field of pharmacomicrobiomics. However, only a small portion of the drug-metabolite interactions were experimentally observed due to the fact that experimental validation is labor-intensive, costly, and time-consuming. Although a few computational approaches have been proposed to predict latent associations for various bipartite networks, such as miRNA-disease, drug-target interaction networks, and so on, to our best knowledge the associations between drugs and metabolites have not been reported on a large scale. In this study, we propose a novel algorithm, namely inductive logistic matrix factorization (ILMF) to predict the latent associations between drugs and metabolites. Specifically, the proposed ILMF integrates drug–drug interaction, metabolite–metabolite interaction, and drug-metabolite interaction into this framework, to model the probability that a drug would interact with a metabolite. Moreover, we exploit inductive matrix completion to guide the learning of projection matrices U and V that depend on the low-dimensional feature representation matrices of drugs and metabolites: Fm and Fd. These two matrices can be obtained by fusing multiple data sources. Thus, FdU and FmV can be viewed as drug-specific and metabolite-specific latent representations, different from classical LMF. Furthermore, we utilize the Vicus spectral matrix that reveals the refined local geometrical structure inherent in the original data to encode the relationships between drugs and metabolites. Extensive experiments are conducted on a manually curated “DrugMetaboliteAtlas” dataset. The experimental results show that ILMF can achieve competitive performance compared with other state-of-the-art approaches, which demonstrates its effectiveness in predicting potential drug-metabolite associations.
Low-Dimensional Sensory Feature Representation by Trigeminal Primary Afferents
