The Influence of Different Infill Structures on the Mechanical Properties in Additive Manufacturing

Besides the outer shell, it is the internal structures that contribute the most to the mechanical integrity of an additively manufactured component. In order to investigate the influence of the geometrically different internal structures and infill density on the Young’s modulus, tensile strength and failure strain, tensile specimens of polylactic Acid (PLA) were prepared using fused deposition modeling and tested at room temperature. There was a significant influence of the infill density, the manufacturing process and the resulting microstructure on the mechanical properties. In summary, the position of the microstructure relative to the load direction is found to be a significant factor of influence.

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Effect of Printing Parameters on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PLA and PETG, Using Fused Deposition Modeling

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13111758 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1758

Author(s):

Ming-Hsien Hsueh ◽

Chao-Jung Lai ◽

Shi-Hao Wang ◽

Yu-Shan Zeng ◽

Chia-Hsin Hsieh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Deformation ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Internal Structures ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

Printing Parameters

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) can be used to manufacture any complex geometry and internal structures, and it has been widely applied in many industries, such as the biomedical, manufacturing, aerospace, automobile, industrial, and building industries. The purpose of this research is to characterize the polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) materials of FDM under four loading conditions (tension, compression, bending, and thermal deformation), in order to obtain data regarding different printing temperatures and speeds. The results indicated that PLA and PETG materials exhibit an obvious tensile and compression asymmetry. It was observed that the mechanical properties (tension, compression, and bending) of PLA and PETG are increased at higher printing temperatures, and that the effect of speed on PLA and PETG shows different results. In addition, the mechanical properties of PLA are greater than those of PETG, but the thermal deformation is the opposite. The above results will be a great help for researchers who are working with polymers and FDM technology to achieve sustainability.

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3D Printing of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites Using Fused Deposition Modeling: A Status Review

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14164520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 4520

Author(s):

Salman Pervaiz ◽

Taimur Ali Qureshi ◽

Ghanim Kashwani ◽

Sathish Kannan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Reinforced Polymers ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Frp Composites ◽

Deposition Modeling

Composite materials are a combination of two or more types of materials used to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of engineering products. When fibers are mixed in the polymeric matrix, the composite material is known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). FRP materials are widely used in structural applications related to defense, automotive, aerospace, and sports-based industries. These materials are used in producing lightweight components with high tensile strength and rigidity. The fiber component in fiber-reinforced polymers provides the desired strength-to-weight ratio; however, the polymer portion costs less, and the process of making the matrix is quite straightforward. There is a high demand in industrial sectors, such as defense and military, aerospace, automotive, biomedical and sports, to manufacture these fiber-reinforced polymers using 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies. FRP composites are used in diversified applications such as military vehicles, shelters, war fighting safety equipment, fighter aircrafts, naval ships, and submarine structures. Techniques to fabricate composite materials, degrade the weight-to-strength ratio and the tensile strength of the components, and they can play a critical role towards the service life of the components. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technique for 3D printing that allows layered fabrication of parts using thermoplastic composites. Complex shape and geometry with enhanced mechanical properties can be obtained using this technique. This paper highlights the limitations in the development of FRPs and challenges associated with their mechanical properties. The future prospects of carbon fiber (CF) and polymeric matrixes are also mentioned in this study. The study also highlights different areas requiring further investigation in FDM-assisted 3D printing. The available literature on FRP composites is focused only on describing the properties of the product and the potential applications for it. It has been observed that scientific knowledge has gaps when it comes to predicting the performance of FRP composite parts fabricated under 3D printing (FDM) techniques. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed FRPs were studied so that a correlation between the 3D printing method could be established. This review paper will be helpful for researchers, scientists, manufacturers, etc., working in the area of FDM-assisted 3D printing of FRPs.

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Prediction of tensile strength of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed PLA using classic laminate theory

Engineering Solid Mechanics ◽

10.5267/j.esm.2021.12.002 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 13-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit ◽

Harshit K. Dave ◽

Kamlakar P. Rajurkar

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Constitutive Models ◽

Limited Information ◽

Layer Height ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Raster Angle ◽

Laminate Theory ◽

Deposition Modeling

The application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is restricted due to limited information about the mechanical properties of printed parts. Therefore, it is required to determine the mechanical properties of the FDM properties to avail the full benefit of the FDM process. In the present study, Classic Laminate Theory (CLT) has been employed at the different configurations of layer thickness and raster width. The required elastic constant of material for CLT has been experimentally obtained through FDM printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) unidirectional specimens at 0°, 45° and 90° for different combinations of layer height and raster width. For these different combinations of layer height and raster width, constitutive models were developed to predict the tensile properties of the PLA parts. Tensile strength of the FDM printed bi-directional specimens has been experimentally obtained to validate the proposed CLT model results. The experimental tensile strength data is in good agreement with the data predicted by the proposed CLT model. Higher tensile strength and modulus were achieved with 0° raster angle compared to 90° raster angle. In the case of a bi-directional printed specimen, higher tensile strength was obtained with 45°/-45° raster angle followed by 30°/-60° and 0°/90° raster angle.

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Optimization of FDM Prototypes Mechanical Properties with Path Generation Strategy

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.474.273 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 474 ◽

pp. 273-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Emil Spišák ◽

Ivan Gajdoš ◽

Ján Slota

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Path Generation ◽

Material Consumption ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Build Time ◽

Result Show ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Modeling Material

This paper present result of a study evaluating the influence of path generation strategy on mechanical properties of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) prototypes. Several scientific studies were researching the problematic of path generation and internal structure of FDM prototypes. Mostly the influence on mechanical properties was observed. This paper is aimed on determine the influence of outline number and internal air-gap on tensile strength of parts built from ULTEM 9085. For this two variables was determined the influence on built time and consumption of modeling material. Result show that proper model orientation when the orientation of load is known, can help to reduce the build time and material consumption.

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Investigating the influence of infill percentage on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modelled ABS parts

Ingeniería e Investigación ◽

10.15446/ing.investig.v36n3.56610 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 110 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Kenny Álvarez ◽

Rodrigo F. Lagos ◽

Miguel Aizpun

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Tensile Force ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Printing Time

3D printing is a manufacturing process that is usually used for modeling and prototyping. One of the most popular printing techniques is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which is based on adding melted material layer by layer. Although FDM has several advantages with respect to other manufacturing materials, there are several problems that have to be faced. When setting the printing options, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as temperature, speed, infill percentage, etc. Selecting these parameters is often a great challenge for the user, and is generally solved by experience without considering the influence of variations in the parameters on the mechanical properties of the printed parts.This article analyzes the influence of the infill percentage on the mechanical properties of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) printed parts. In order to characterize this influence, test specimens for tensile strength and Charpy tests were printed with a Makerbot Replicator 2X printer, in which the infill percentage was varied but the rest of the printing parameters were kept constant. Three different results were analyzed for these tests: tensile strength, impact resistance, and effective printing time. Results showed that the maximum tensile force (1438N) and tensile stress (34,57MPa) were obtained by using 100% infill. The maximum impact resistance, 1,55J, was also obtained with 100% infill. In terms of effective printing time, results showed that printing with an infill range between 50% and 98% is not recommended, since the effective printing time is higher than with a 100% infill and the tensile strength and impact resistance are smaller. In addition, in comparing the results of our analysis with results from other authors, it can be concluded that the printer type and plastic roll significantly influence the mechanical properties of ABS parts.

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The effects of moisture and temperature on the mechanical properties of additive manufacturing components: fused deposition modeling

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-08-2015-0095 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 887-894 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Eunseob Kim ◽

Yong-Jun Shin ◽

Sung-Hoon Ahn

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Temperature Conditions ◽

Molded Parts ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Injection Molded

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the water absorption behaviors and mechanical properties, according to water absorption and temperature, of components fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) and injection molding. The mechanical properties of FDM and injection molded parts were studied under several environmental conditions. Design/methodology/approach FDM components can be used as load-carrying elements under a range of moisture and temperature conditions. FDM parts show anisotropic mechanical properties according to build orientation. Components were fabricated from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene in three different orientations. The mechanical properties of parts fabricated by FDM were compared to injection molded components made from the same material. Water absorption tests were conducted in distilled water between 20 and 60°C to identify the maximum water absorption rate. Both moisture and temperature were considered as environmental variables in the tensile tests, which were conducted under various conditions to measure the effects on mechanical properties. Findings The water absorption behavior of FDM components obeyed Fickian diffusion theory, irrespective of the temperature. High temperatures accelerated the diffusion rate, although the maximum water absorption rate was not affected. The tensile strength of FDM parts under dry, room temperature conditions, was approximately 26-56 per cent that of injection molded parts, depending on build orientation. Increased temperature and water absorption had a more significant effect on FDM parts than injection molded components. The tensile strength was decreased by 67-71 per cent in hot, wet environments compared with dry, room temperature conditions. Originality/value The water absorption behavior of FDM components was investigated. The quantitative effects of temperature and moisture on tensile strength, modulus and strain were also measured. These results will contribute to the design of FDM parts for use under various environmental conditions.

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The Influence of Layer Thickness on Mechanical Properties of the 3D Printed ABS Polymer by Fused Deposition Modeling

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.706.63 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 706 ◽

pp. 63-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pritish Shubham ◽

Arnab Sikidar ◽

Teg Chand

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Injection Molding ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Molding Method ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed

3D Printed ABS polymer samples were investigated for understanding the effect of layer thickness on the various mechanical properties of the component. Standard samples with varying layer thickness were prepared by 3D printing machine which works on the principle of Fused Deposition modeling (FDM) method and compared with sample prepared by standard injection molding method. Results show that tensile strength (36 MPa), impact strength (103.6 J/m) and hardness (R107) were highest for the samples made by injection molding method. Furthermore, among 3D printed samples, properties were better with smaller layer thickness. With increase in layer thickness, there was negative effect on mechanical properties as tensile strength, impact strength and hardness decreased. Exception with hardness of 3D printed ABS samples was found; for largest layer thickness hardness further increased instead of decreasing.

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Structure and tensile properties evaluation of samples produced by Fused Deposition Modeling

Open Engineering ◽

10.1515/eng-2016-0011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ivan Gajdoš ◽

Ján Slota ◽

Emil Spišák ◽

Tomasz Jachowicz ◽

Aneta Tor-Swiatek

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Path Generation ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Scientific Investigations ◽

Tensile Strength Test ◽

Alternative Path ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Structure Evaluation

Abstract This paper presents the result of a study evaluating the influence of alternative path generation strategy on structure and some mechanical properties of parts produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology. Several scientific investigations focused on resolving issues in FDM parts by modifying a path generation strategy to optimize its mechanical properties. In this study, an alternative strategy was proposed with the intention of minimizing internal voids and, thus, to improve mechanical properties. Polycarbonate samples made by this alternative path generation strategy were subjected to tensile strength test and metro-tomography structure evaluation. The results reveal that the structure observed on build models differs from a structure expected from path generation predicted by software Insight 9.1. This difference affected the tensile strength of samples.

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