Prediction of tensile strength of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed PLA using classic laminate theory

The application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is restricted due to limited information about the mechanical properties of printed parts. Therefore, it is required to determine the mechanical properties of the FDM properties to avail the full benefit of the FDM process. In the present study, Classic Laminate Theory (CLT) has been employed at the different configurations of layer thickness and raster width. The required elastic constant of material for CLT has been experimentally obtained through FDM printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) unidirectional specimens at 0°, 45° and 90° for different combinations of layer height and raster width. For these different combinations of layer height and raster width, constitutive models were developed to predict the tensile properties of the PLA parts. Tensile strength of the FDM printed bi-directional specimens has been experimentally obtained to validate the proposed CLT model results. The experimental tensile strength data is in good agreement with the data predicted by the proposed CLT model. Higher tensile strength and modulus were achieved with 0° raster angle compared to 90° raster angle. In the case of a bi-directional printed specimen, higher tensile strength was obtained with 45°/-45° raster angle followed by 30°/-60° and 0°/90° raster angle.

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Improvement in Tensile Strength of FDM Built Parts by Parametric Control

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1075 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 592-594 ◽

pp. 1075-1079 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Swayam Bikash Mishra ◽

Siba Sankar Mahapatra

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

3D Objects ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Solid Models ◽

Raster Angle ◽

Deposition Modeling

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the efficient rapid prototyping (RP) technologies that forms 3D objects by adding material layer by layer from CAD generated solid models. However, the FDM built part is hardly anisotropic in nature due to layer-by-layer build mechanism. Literature suggests that mechanical property, especially tensile strength, of FDM built part is severely affected by process parameters. Among all the parameters, contour number happens to be an important parameter because it reduces stress concentration resulting in avoidance of premature breakdown. Therefore, in this work contour number along with five important process parameters such as layer thickness, raster width, part orientation, raster angle and air gap are considered and their effect on tensile strength of FDM built parts is studied. Experiments are conducted using Face Centred Central Composite Design (FCCCD) in order to reduce the experimental runs. An optimal parameter setting has been suggested for the maximisation of tensile strength of the FDM built parts.

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3D Printing of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites Using Fused Deposition Modeling: A Status Review

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14164520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 4520

Author(s):

Salman Pervaiz ◽

Taimur Ali Qureshi ◽

Ghanim Kashwani ◽

Sathish Kannan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Reinforced Polymers ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Frp Composites ◽

Deposition Modeling

Composite materials are a combination of two or more types of materials used to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of engineering products. When fibers are mixed in the polymeric matrix, the composite material is known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). FRP materials are widely used in structural applications related to defense, automotive, aerospace, and sports-based industries. These materials are used in producing lightweight components with high tensile strength and rigidity. The fiber component in fiber-reinforced polymers provides the desired strength-to-weight ratio; however, the polymer portion costs less, and the process of making the matrix is quite straightforward. There is a high demand in industrial sectors, such as defense and military, aerospace, automotive, biomedical and sports, to manufacture these fiber-reinforced polymers using 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies. FRP composites are used in diversified applications such as military vehicles, shelters, war fighting safety equipment, fighter aircrafts, naval ships, and submarine structures. Techniques to fabricate composite materials, degrade the weight-to-strength ratio and the tensile strength of the components, and they can play a critical role towards the service life of the components. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technique for 3D printing that allows layered fabrication of parts using thermoplastic composites. Complex shape and geometry with enhanced mechanical properties can be obtained using this technique. This paper highlights the limitations in the development of FRPs and challenges associated with their mechanical properties. The future prospects of carbon fiber (CF) and polymeric matrixes are also mentioned in this study. The study also highlights different areas requiring further investigation in FDM-assisted 3D printing. The available literature on FRP composites is focused only on describing the properties of the product and the potential applications for it. It has been observed that scientific knowledge has gaps when it comes to predicting the performance of FRP composite parts fabricated under 3D printing (FDM) techniques. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed FRPs were studied so that a correlation between the 3D printing method could be established. This review paper will be helpful for researchers, scientists, manufacturers, etc., working in the area of FDM-assisted 3D printing of FRPs.

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The Surface Characteristics, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of PEEK Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling with Different Raster Angles

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym14010077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Sasa Gao ◽

Ruijuan Liu ◽

Hua Xin ◽

Haitao Liang ◽

Yunfei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Failure Mechanism ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽

Raster Angle ◽

Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing provides a novel and robust way to prepare medical product with anatomic matched geometry and tailored mechanical performance. In this study, the surface characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) prepared polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) were systematically studied. During the FDM process, the crystal unit cell and thermal attribute of PEEK material remained unchanged, whereas the surface layer generally became more hydrophilic with an obvious reduction in surface hardness. Raster angle has a significant effect on the mechanical strength but not on the failure mechanism. In practice, FDM fabricated PEEK acted more like a laminate rather than a unified structure. Its main failure mechanism was correlated to the internal voids. The results show that horizontal infill orientation with 30° raster angle is promising for a better comprehensive mechanical performance, and the corresponding tensile, flexural, and shear strengths are (76.5 ± 1.4) MPa, (149.7 ± 3.0) MPa, and (55.5 ± 1.8) MPa, respectively. The findings of this study provide guidelines for FDM-PEEK to enable its realization in applications such as orthopedic implants.

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Influence of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Additive Manufactured PLA Parts using Taguchi Method

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.c6191.098319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 7635-7639

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Influence Of Process Parameters ◽

Layer Height ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Nozzle Temperature

Influence of layer thickness nozzle temperature and angle on tensile strength of PLA fabricated with FDM (FFF) was experimentally investigated. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a semi-crystalline and bio-friendly thermoplastic polymer has identified as important material in different applications due to its mechanical characteristics. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a one of the proved technology in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique in additive manufacturing process. In present investigation different specimens were fabricated using FDM technique with different layer height and different layer angles for finding influence of these manufacturing parameters on tensile strength of the specimen. Specimens were fabricated and tested as per ASTM D638 standard. It is clearly observed that tensile strength is more for +450 /-450 layer angle than the +00 /-0 0 layer angle for a given layer height(h=0.10 mm, h=0.15mm and h=0.20mm).The TAGUCHI analysis is carried with nozzle temperature, layer thickness and angle finding optimal values. It has been observed that, the optimal parameter is angle, which is equal to 30 0 .the ANOVA variation of angle layer with tensile strength has been observed that 18.10-31.90.

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The influence of layer height on the tensile strength of specimens printed in the FDM technology

Technical Sciences ◽

10.31648/ts.6297 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Łukasz Miazio

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Breaking Force ◽

Layer Height ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling

This article analyzes the influence of layer height on the tensile strength of PLA specimens printed in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology. The maximum breaking force of specimens with 30% and 100% infill density was determined at layer height of 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm. In the case of 30% infill, the highest value of the force was obtained for a layer with a height of 0.05 mm (which corresponds to 22.7 MPa), and for a 100% infill for a layer of 0.2 (which corresponds to 40 MPa). Over this layer height of 0.2 mm is the most polyoptimal due to the time prints and strength (which corresponds to 19.7 MPa).

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Optimization of FDM Prototypes Mechanical Properties with Path Generation Strategy

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.474.273 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 474 ◽

pp. 273-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Emil Spišák ◽

Ivan Gajdoš ◽

Ján Slota

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Path Generation ◽

Material Consumption ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Build Time ◽

Result Show ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Modeling Material

This paper present result of a study evaluating the influence of path generation strategy on mechanical properties of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) prototypes. Several scientific studies were researching the problematic of path generation and internal structure of FDM prototypes. Mostly the influence on mechanical properties was observed. This paper is aimed on determine the influence of outline number and internal air-gap on tensile strength of parts built from ULTEM 9085. For this two variables was determined the influence on built time and consumption of modeling material. Result show that proper model orientation when the orientation of load is known, can help to reduce the build time and material consumption.

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Research on the Fused Deposition Modeling of Polyether Ether Ketone

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13142344 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2344

Author(s):

Ruoxiang Gao ◽

Jun Xie ◽

Jinghui Yang ◽

Chaojie Zhuo ◽

Jianzhong Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Polyether Ether Ketone ◽

Raster Angle ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Ether Ketone ◽

Nozzle Temperature ◽

Warpage Deformation ◽

Printing Speed

As a special engineering polymer, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been used widely due to its excellent mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a promising process for fabricating PEEK parts. However, due to the semi-crystalline property and high melting point of PEEK, determining appropriate process parameters is important to reduce warpage deformation and improve the mechanical properties of PEEK. In this article, the influence of raster angle and infill density was determined by single factor experiment, which are the two most important parameters. The results showed that samples with 0°/90° raster angle and 50% infill density had the best comprehensive properties in terms of warpage deformation, tensile strength, and specific strength. Subsequently, based on the results above, the effects of printing speed, nozzle temperature, platform temperature, raster width, and layer thickness were analyzed by orthogonal experiment. The results indicated that platform temperature had the greatest impact on warpage deformation while printing speed and nozzle temperature were significant parameters on tensile strength. Through optimization, warpage deformation of the samples could be reduced to almost 0 and tensile strength could increase by 19.6% (from 40.56 to 48.50 MPa). This will support the development of FDM for PEEK.

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Investigating the influence of infill percentage on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modelled ABS parts

Ingeniería e Investigación ◽

10.15446/ing.investig.v36n3.56610 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 110 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Kenny Álvarez ◽

Rodrigo F. Lagos ◽

Miguel Aizpun

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Tensile Force ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Printing Time

3D printing is a manufacturing process that is usually used for modeling and prototyping. One of the most popular printing techniques is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which is based on adding melted material layer by layer. Although FDM has several advantages with respect to other manufacturing materials, there are several problems that have to be faced. When setting the printing options, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as temperature, speed, infill percentage, etc. Selecting these parameters is often a great challenge for the user, and is generally solved by experience without considering the influence of variations in the parameters on the mechanical properties of the printed parts.This article analyzes the influence of the infill percentage on the mechanical properties of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) printed parts. In order to characterize this influence, test specimens for tensile strength and Charpy tests were printed with a Makerbot Replicator 2X printer, in which the infill percentage was varied but the rest of the printing parameters were kept constant. Three different results were analyzed for these tests: tensile strength, impact resistance, and effective printing time. Results showed that the maximum tensile force (1438N) and tensile stress (34,57MPa) were obtained by using 100% infill. The maximum impact resistance, 1,55J, was also obtained with 100% infill. In terms of effective printing time, results showed that printing with an infill range between 50% and 98% is not recommended, since the effective printing time is higher than with a 100% infill and the tensile strength and impact resistance are smaller. In addition, in comparing the results of our analysis with results from other authors, it can be concluded that the printer type and plastic roll significantly influence the mechanical properties of ABS parts.

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The effects of moisture and temperature on the mechanical properties of additive manufacturing components: fused deposition modeling

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-08-2015-0095 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 887-894 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Eunseob Kim ◽

Yong-Jun Shin ◽

Sung-Hoon Ahn

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Temperature Conditions ◽

Molded Parts ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Injection Molded

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the water absorption behaviors and mechanical properties, according to water absorption and temperature, of components fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) and injection molding. The mechanical properties of FDM and injection molded parts were studied under several environmental conditions. Design/methodology/approach FDM components can be used as load-carrying elements under a range of moisture and temperature conditions. FDM parts show anisotropic mechanical properties according to build orientation. Components were fabricated from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene in three different orientations. The mechanical properties of parts fabricated by FDM were compared to injection molded components made from the same material. Water absorption tests were conducted in distilled water between 20 and 60°C to identify the maximum water absorption rate. Both moisture and temperature were considered as environmental variables in the tensile tests, which were conducted under various conditions to measure the effects on mechanical properties. Findings The water absorption behavior of FDM components obeyed Fickian diffusion theory, irrespective of the temperature. High temperatures accelerated the diffusion rate, although the maximum water absorption rate was not affected. The tensile strength of FDM parts under dry, room temperature conditions, was approximately 26-56 per cent that of injection molded parts, depending on build orientation. Increased temperature and water absorption had a more significant effect on FDM parts than injection molded components. The tensile strength was decreased by 67-71 per cent in hot, wet environments compared with dry, room temperature conditions. Originality/value The water absorption behavior of FDM components was investigated. The quantitative effects of temperature and moisture on tensile strength, modulus and strain were also measured. These results will contribute to the design of FDM parts for use under various environmental conditions.

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