Secret Handshake Deals

Chokepoints ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Tusikov
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Domain Name ◽  
Counterfeit Goods ◽  
Search Advertising ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
Closed Door ◽  
The Many ◽  
Industry Associations ◽  
The U.S

This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book by describing the emergence of non-legally binding enforcement agreements among large Internet firms through a series of closed-door meetings. It introduces the key actors: mostly U.S.-based Internet firms, multinational rights holders, influential industry associations, and policymakers and politicians from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission. Together these actors form a private transnational regime with the goal of suppressing the trafficking of counterfeit goods on the Internet. To provide context, the chapter explains the importance of regulating intellectual property rights to rights holders and governments, as well as the many challenges involved in identifying and policing the distribution of counterfeit goods. The chapter introduces the concept of ‘macro-intermediaries’ (which are globally operating, powerful Internet firms) and explains how these major Internet firms regulate through technology (termed ‘techno-regulation’) to remove content from and disable websites selling counterfeit goods. It describes the focus on five types of Internet sectors (search, advertising, payment, domain name, and marketplace). Companies providing these services can enact different types of regulatory ‘chokepoints’ to target the distribution of counterfeit goods.

Access Chokepoints

Chokepoints ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Tusikov
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Domain Name ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
Online Pharmacies ◽  
Binding Agreement ◽  
The U.S

This chapter explains how the transnational regime uses search engines (especially Google) and domain name registrars (specifically GoDaddy) to throttle access to infringing sites. It traces efforts by the U.S. and U.K. governments, along with rights holders, to pressure Google and GoDaddy into adopting the non-binding agreements. It then presents two case studies. The first discusses search engines’ regulation of search results linking to infringing sites and a non-binding agreement struck among search engines (Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft) at the behest of the U.K. government. The second case study examines GoDaddy’s efforts to disable so-called illegal online pharmacies that operate in violation of U.S. federal and state laws. The chapter concludes that Internet firms’ practice of using chokepoints to dissuade access to targeted websites is highly problematic as legitimate websites are mistakenly targeted and sanctioned. Automated enforcement programs exacerbate this problem as they significantly increase the scale and speed of rights holders’ enforcement efforts without a corresponding increase in oversight.

Internet Firms Become Global Regulators

Chokepoints ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Tusikov
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Counterfeit Goods ◽  
Global Regulators ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Online Regulation ◽  
The U.S

Having set the backdrop to the private agreements, this chapter discusses how the non-binding agreements emerged from distinct historical and political circumstances. It provides a brief historical overview that traces the growing influence of multinational rights holders on the U.S. government’s intellectual property policymaking processes from the late 1970s to 2012. The chapter then examines in detail four U.S. intellectual property bills, including the controversial Stop Online Piracy Act, which proposed to reshape fundamentally the online regulation of intellectual property rights infringement. In doing so, the chapter documents a significant shift in enforcement strategy from a focus on removing problematic content (e.g., advertisements for counterfeit goods) to disabling entire websites for allegedly trafficking in counterfeit goods. The chapter argues that Internet firms have become global regulators (known as macro-intermediaries) attractive to governments and corporations for policing a wide range of social problems, including counterfeit goods. The chapter concludes that government officials from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission played a central role in pressuring Internet firms to adopt the non-binding agreements. These agreements serve strategic state interests as well as the financial interests of rights holders.

A Future for Digital Rights

Chokepoints ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Tusikov
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
The State ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Rights ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Do So

The conclusion argues that Internet firms and the U.S. government have common interests in expanding the surveillance economy, which refers to the massive online accumulation of information. It also considers measures to address the considerable challenges raised by the state-endorsed non-binding enforcement agreements. It explores ways in which states and corporations can use technology to regulate in ways that are fair, proportionate, and accountable. The chapter offers several recommendations. First is the need to cultivate greater public awareness of corporate regulation on the Internet. One way to do so is through industry transparency reports, in which corporate actors participating in the regulation disclose their involvement in regulation, a practice that has become more common following Edward Snowden’s disclosure of Internet firms’ involvement in the U.S. government’s Internet surveillance programs. The book ends with a call to establish digital rights and looks for inspiration to Brazil’s 2014 law, Marco Civil da Internet, which codified a set of digital rights.

Chokepoints

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Tusikov
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Global Regulators ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The U.S

On January 18, 2012, millions of people participated in the now-infamous “Internet blackout” to protest the Stop Online Piracy Act and the rights it would have given intellectual property holders to shape how people use the Internet. SOPA’s withdrawal was heralded as a victory for an open Internet. However, as Natasha Tusikov documents in Chokepoints: Global Private Regulation on the Internet, rather than accept defeat, a small group of corporations, tacitly backed by the U.S. and other governments, have implemented much of SOPA via a series of secret, handshake agreements among powerful corporations, including Google, PayPal, and Microsoft. This book is the first to explore these agreements. Drawing on extensive interviews with corporate and government officials, Tusikov details the emergence of a new realm of global governance, in which large Internet firms act as global regulators for powerful intellectual property owners like Nike, and raises questions about the threat these new global regimes pose to democratic accountability itself. The book argues that these global regulators are significantly altering the ways in which governments and corporations regulate content and information on the Internet.

A study of Leakage Ratio for increasing performance of online keyword search advertising

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Jung-Woo Lee ◽  
Seung-Cheon Kim ◽  
Sung-Hoon Kim ◽  
Jin-Ho Lim
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Portal Site ◽  
Internet Portal ◽  
Search Advertising ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Low Efficiency

Background/Objectives: In this study, research to improve efficiency of online advertising market, we would like to propose a new performance index called "Leakage Ratio" which can increase the efficiency of advertisement. Methods/Statistical analysis: Naver, the Internet portal site in Korea, is the most influential medium for online keyword search advertising. In this study, Leakage Ratio management is applied to online keyword search ads for five medium and large size online shopping malls at Naver. Based on the performance trend of each search keyword, we tried to improve the efficiency of the whole advertisement by changing the bid of the low efficiency keyword.

A study of Leakage Ratio for increasing performance of online keyword search advertising

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 308-314
Author(s):  
Jung-Woo Lee ◽  
Seung- Cheon ◽  
Sung-Hoon Kim ◽  
Jin-Ho Lim
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Portal Site ◽  
Internet Portal ◽  
Search Advertising ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Low Efficiency

In this study, research to improve efficiency of online advertising market, we would like to propose a new performance index called "Leakage Ratio" which can increase the efficiency of advertisement. Methods/Statistical analysis: Naver, the Internet portal site in Korea, is the most influential medium for online keyword search advertising. In this study, Leakage Ratio management is applied to online keyword search ads for five medium and large size online shopping malls at Naver. Based on the performance trend of each search keyword, we tried to improve the efficiency of the whole advertisement by changing the bid of the low efficiency keyword.

Das Internet der Tiere: Natur 4.0 und die conditio humana

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Alexander Pschera
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrie 4.0 ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Conditio Humana ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Human Condition

"Neben der Industrie hat die Digitalisierung auch die Natur ergriffen. Die Tatsache, dass Tausende von Tieren mit GPS-Sendern aus- gerüstet und überwacht werden, erlaubt, analog zur Industrie 4.0 auch von einer Natur 4.0 zu sprechen. Dieses Internet der Tiere verändert den Begriff, den der Mensch von der Natur hat. Er transformiert die Wahrnehmung vor allem der Natur als etwas fundamental An- deren. Neben den vielen kulturellen Problematisierungen, die das Internet der Tiere mit sich bringt, lassen sich aber auch die Umrisse einer neuen, ganz und gar nicht esoterischen planetarisch-post-digitalen Kultur aufzeigen, die die conditio humana verändert. In addition to industry, digitalization has also taken hold of nature. The fact that thousands of animals are provided and monitored with GPS transmitters allows to speak of nature 4.0 by way of analogy to industry 4.0. This internet of animals changes our idea of nature. Most of all, it transforms the perception of nature as something fundamentally other. Beside the many cultural problems that the internet of animals implies, it can also outline a new, not at all esoteric planetary post-digital culture that is about to change the human condition. "

Effectiveness of Supervised Classification Models for Hate Speech on Twitter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunal Srivastava ◽  
Ryan Tabrizi ◽  
Ayaan Rahim ◽  
Lauryn Nakamitsu
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Classification ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Personal Attack ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Primary Medium ◽  
Offensive Speech

<div> <div> <div> <p>Abstract </p> <p>The ceaseless connectivity imposed by the internet has made many vulnerable to offensive comments, be it their physical appearance, political beliefs, or religion. Some define hate speech as any kind of personal attack on one’s identity or beliefs. Of the many sites that grant the ability to spread such offensive speech, Twitter has arguably become the primary medium for individuals and groups to spread these hurtful comments. Such comments typically fail to be detected by Twitter’s anti-hate system and can linger online for hours before finally being taken down. Through sentiment analysis, this algorithm is able to distinguish hate speech effectively through the classification of sentiment. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Using NLP for Fact Checking: A Survey

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Eric Lazarski ◽  
Mahmood Al-Khassaweneh ◽  
Cynthia Howard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Fact Checking ◽  
The Many ◽  
Human Powered ◽  
The Web

In recent years, disinformation and “fake news” have been spreading throughout the internet at rates never seen before. This has created the need for fact-checking organizations, groups that seek out claims and comment on their veracity, to spawn worldwide to stem the tide of misinformation. However, even with the many human-powered fact-checking organizations that are currently in operation, disinformation continues to run rampant throughout the Web, and the existing organizations are unable to keep up. This paper discusses in detail recent advances in computer science to use natural language processing to automate fact checking. It follows the entire process of automated fact checking using natural language processing, from detecting claims to fact checking to outputting results. In summary, automated fact checking works well in some cases, though generalized fact checking still needs improvement prior to widespread use.

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