Eighteenth-Century Traditional and Mozart's "Jupiter" Symphony K.551

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Peter Brown Brown
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Joseph Haydn ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Antonio Salieri ◽  
Normal Work

Although the "Jupiter" Symphony has been the subject of much analytical commentary, little attention has been paid to placing the work within the context of Mozart's times and the heritage of earlier 18th-century practices on which it draws. Filling this lacuna involves the consideration of myriad factors, including Mozart's exposure to the music of J. S. and C. P. E. Bach, Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Carlo d'Ordonez, Antonio Salieri, and others; his knowledge of Killian Rheinhardt's Rubriche Generali; his exposure to the Viennese C major trumpet-symphony tradition; and the possible effect of the Turkish War under way in 1788 on the Charakter of K.543, 550, and 551 both in terms of their individual movements and the cycle as a whole. In this larger context, K.543 is the most normal work of the series; K.550, in minor, is dominated by music of mourning; and K.551 is both an elevated and celebratory symphony most appropriate for a victory after battle. Given the C major trumpet-symphony tradition of the first movement of K.551, the elevated nature of the slow second movement's French sarabande, the mixture of idioms of the minuet, and the fugal finale, Mozart fulfills in K.551 every Viennese celebratory requirement.

Collapsing Authority and ‘Arachnean’ Gods in Ovid's Baucis and Philemon (Met. 8.611-724)

Ramus ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Steven J. Green
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
John Dryden ◽  
Joseph Haydn ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

Among the many delightful stories woven into Ovid's Metamorphoses, the tale of Baucis and Philemon in Book 8—not found before Ovid—has long proven a favourite with many readers. Narrated by the elderly Lelex, the story goes that Jupiter and Mercury are wandering on earth from door to door in need of shelter; they are received by a pious old couple, Baucis and Philemon, who entertain them with their utmost hospitality; the gods later reveal themselves, punish the inhospitable neighbourhood and reward the pious couple with everlasting life by turning them into sacred trees. This popular story has been the subject of at least two lighthearted operas, by Joseph Haydn (18th century) and Charles-François Gounod (19th century); both Rubens (c.1620) and Rembrandt (1658) have depicted scenes from the story on canvas; elegant poetic translations have been written by John Dryden (1693) and Jonathan Swift (1709). It is not difficult to understand why this story has provided particular enjoyment for the reader. In a poem which too often presents the gods as indifferent to justice and indulgent in their basest desires, here is a story which celebrates the proper relationship between divine and mortal, and pulls on moral, almost Christian heart-strings. Many might agree with G. Karl Galinsky's observation that the story has the effect of ‘radiating so obviously the sort of kindly warmth which some of Ovid's readers would like to find in more of [Ovid's] myths and, one suspects, in their daily lives.’

scholarly journals Book Review: Daily Life in 18th-Century England, 2nd ed.

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Michael Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Broad Overview

Kirstin Olsen’s book provided a broad overview of England in the eighteenth century. It offers insight into what is considered the “every day” for the populace of eighteenth-century England. Olsen focuses on everything from gender and marriage to science to clothing and fashion. Each chapter is a written account of how the subject was a part of the daily life of a person. Accounts include things such as how they would have used certain clothing items, what type of books many were reading, and how science interacted with their lives. Each chapter’s information is supported by selected primary sources and accompanied by a further reading section. Any student interested in gender, race, and class issues in eighteenth-century England will find this a useful resource.

scholarly journals … til Rusin-Strutar och Tortebotnar: Översättningars nytta enligt förord till svenska översättningar av antik litteratur under 1700-talets första hälft

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Akujärvi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Roman Literature ◽  
The Subject

<p>For candy cones and layer cakes: The use of translations according to Swedish translators of classical literature from the first fifty years of the 18th century.</p><p>This is a study of prefaces and dedications to Swedish translations of Greek and Roman literature from the first fifty years of the eighteenth century. The introductory paratexts of this period are highly homogenous. Most cover the following five topoi: the importance of the chosen text is specified; the text and author are introduced; the usefulness of the translation is discussed; the principles of translation are touched upon; and, in conclusion, translators anticipate and try to deflect criticism of their work. Not only are the same topoi found in most translatory prefaces and dedications, but are moreover often filled with very similar arguments. The focus of this study is on the most central topos, that of the usefulness of the translation. As a rule, during this period translators tended toward utilitarian arguments to justify their translations. The use could be argued (1) to be the moral value of the text, (2) to help students to learn Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek, (3) to make the subject-matter of the texts available to readers with no Greek or Latin, or (4) to further the development of the Swedish language and poetry. These utilitarian arguments are illustrated with quotations from the translatory paratexts and discussed with reference to contemporary debates.</p>

A peculiarity in Haydn’s early symphonic work: Form and possible sources of the first movement of Symphony Hob. I:21

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 419-428
Author(s):  
Ioannis Fulias
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joseph Haydn ◽  
Sonata Form ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Structural Case ◽  
Symphonic Work

Among the first forty symphonies that Joseph Haydn wrote up to 1765, Symphony Hob. I:21 has a slow first movement that does not resemble any other, since it is not based on the usual mid-18th-century ternary or binary sonata form; its structure would be better described as a fantasy with allusions of sonata form, and this special structural case should be placed somewhere in the middle of two other notable “capriccios” from the same period: the first movement of Keyboard Trio Hob. XV:35 (a pure sonata form) and the Keyboard Capriccio Hob. XVII:1 (a pure fantasy on a single theme). Yet, the unique form of Hob. I:21 / I does not seem to be absolutely novel in the “pre-classical” repertoire, since some slow movements from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach’s “Württemberg” Sonatas (Wq. 49 nos. 1, 3 and 6) display several common characteristics with it. Thus, the present paper, focusing on similarities between C. P. E. Bach’s and J. Haydn’s compositions during the 1760s, aims at the broadening of the subject-matter of one’s influence on the other, not only from a chronological point of view but also in terms of an interrelation between different music genres.

Travel, Art and Changing Goals of the Grand Tour: The British in Eighteenth Century Venice

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B Manire
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Art And Politics ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Art And Architecture

Northern European tourists, mostly British, began traveling to Venice in large numbers during the 18th century as a stop on the Grand Tour. The Grand Tour, a tour through Europe’s main continental cities, was meant to complete the education of a gentleman through exposure to ancient culture, art and politics. Through a close, chronological analysis of travel guides and diaries spanning from the late 17th century to the early 19th century by British travelers who visited Venice, it becomes clear that what constituted a completed education changed. Earlier texts focus mainly on attractions in Venice that have associations with the classics. Throughout the eighteenth century, the focus of the Grand Tourists’ education became more on the modern and was increasingly on the subject of art and architecture. The places and works of art visited and seen do not change so much as the way in which the authors analyze them. The Grand Tour had sparked the commoditization of art, an interest in art history and rise of connoisseurship earlier in the century, and by the later half of the 18th century a heightened interest and familiarity with art and architecture is evident.

Der fatale Blick in den Spiegel – Zum Zusammenhang von Medialität und Reflexivität

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Jahraus
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Specular Reflections ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Literature And Film

Der Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang von Reflexivität und Medialität (das, was ein Medium zum Medium macht), indem er die Idee der Reflexion an den konkreten Formen von Spiegelungen in Literatur und Film wie zum Beispiel Doppelgänger oder Figurenspaltungen darstellt. Dabei zeigt sich, daß jedes Medium autoreflexiv verfasst ist und daß die Vorstellung von Subjektivität seit dem 18. Jahrhundert selbst auf diesem Zusammenspiel von Reflexivität und Medialität beruht. Das Subjekt gilt demnach als reflexiver Effekt der Medialität, wie es an einer Betrachtung von Foucaults berühmter Meninas-Interpretation nachverfolgt werden kann.<br><br>This article analyses the relation between reflexivity and mediality (what makes a medium a medium) by presenting concrete situations of optical and specular reflections in literature and film, such as doubles (Doppelgänger) and split figures. Thus it can be shown that since the 18th century every medium is self-reflexive and that the concept of subjectivity has its basis in the interplay of reflexivity and mediality. The subject is an effect of medialitity as may be demonstrated by a new recapitulation of Foucault’s famous Meninas-interpretation.

LITERARY ROMANTICISM AS A THEORETICAL ISSUE

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Vera V. Serdechnaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of literary romanticism. The research aims at a refinement of the “romanticism” concept in relation to the history of the literary process. The main research methods include conceptual analysis, textual analysis, comparative historical research. The author analyzes the semantic genesis of the term “romanticism”, various interpretations of the concept, compares the definitions of different periods and cultures. The main results of the study are as follows. The history of the term “romanticism” shows a change in a number of definitions for the same concept in relation to the same literary phenomena. By the end of the 20th century, realizing the existence of significant contradictions in the content of the term “romanticism”, researchers often come to abandon it. At the same time, the steady use of the term “romanticism” testifies to the subject-conceptual component that exists in it, which does not lose its relevance, but just needs a theoretical refinement. Conclusion: one have to revise an approach to romanticism as a theoretical concept, based on the change in the concept of an individual in Europe at the end of the 18th century. It is the newly discovered freedom of an individual predetermines the rethinking for the image of the author as a creator and determines the artistic features of literary romanticism.

Historical Fragments’ Mobile Echo

Transfers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Bell ◽  
Kathy Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Opium War ◽  
The Subject

Translocation – Transformation is an ambitious contribution to the subject of mobility. Materially, it interlinks seemingly disparate objects into a surprisingly unified exhibition on mobile histories and heritages: twelve bronze zodiac heads, silk and bamboo creatures, worn life vests, pressed Pu-erh tea, thousands of broken antique teapot spouts, and an ancestral wooden temple from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) used by a tea-trading family. Historically and politically, the exhibition engages Chinese stories from the third century BCE, empires in eighteenth-century Austria and China, the Second Opium War in the nineteenth century, the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, and today’s global refugee crisis.

The Laws of Hammurabi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Barmash
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Biblical Law ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Copernican Revolution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

The Laws of Hammurabi is one of the earliest law codes, dating from the eighteenth century BCE Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). It is the culmination of a tradition in which scribes would demonstrate their legal flair by composing statutes on a repertoire of traditional cases, articulating what they deemed just and fair. The book describes how the scribe of the Laws of Hammurabi advanced beyond earlier scribes in composing statutes that manifest systematization and implicit legal principles. The scribe inserted the statutes into the structure of a royal inscription, skillfully reshaping the genre. This approach allowed the king to use the law code to demonstrate that Hammurabi had fulfilled the mandate to guarantee justice enjoined upon him by the gods, affirming his authority as king. This tradition of scribal improvisation on a set of traditional cases continued outside of Mesopotamia, influencing biblical law and the law of the Hittite Empire and perhaps shaping Greek and Roman law. The Laws of Hammurabi is also a witness to the start of another stream of intellectual tradition. It became a classic text and the subject of formal commentaries, marking a Copernican revolution in intellectual culture.

Clausewitz and the Eighteenth-Century Context of Partisan Warfare

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle Scheipers
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Small Wars ◽  
System P ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Partisan Warfare

Clausewitz was an ardent analyst of partisan warfare. In 1810 and 1811, he lectured at the Berlin Kriegsschule, the war academy, on the subject of small wars. Clausewitz’s lectures focused on the tactical nature of small wars. However, the eighteenth-century context was by no means irrelevant for Clausewitz’s further intellectual development. On the contrary, he extrapolated from his analysis of the tactical nature of small wars their strategic potential, as well as their exemplary nature for the study of war as such. The partisan, in Clausewitz’s eyes, possessed exemplary qualities in that he acted autonomously and, in doing so, had to draw upon all his human faculties. As such, he was the paradigmatic antagonist to the regular soldier who displayed a ‘cog mentality’ fostered by the Frederickian military system.

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