scholarly journals "Pro-Minority" Criminalization and the Transformation of Visions of Citizenship in Contemporary Liberal Democracies: A Critique

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ely Aharonson
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The One

In this article, I offer a critique of contemporary trends in "pro-minority" criminalization policy, defined as criminal offenses that are specifically designed to protect women and minorities. I show that, in the late 1970s, a new paradigm emerged for thinking about the role of criminalization in minimizing patterns of social inequality. I trace the historical processes that led to the emergence of this new paradigm and discuss its inherent limitations in meeting its stated aims. The discussion shows that these limitations are rooted in the embedding of contemporary "pro-minority" criminalization policy within the broader frameworks of neoliberal policymaking, and in the inherent flaws of the new vision of citizenship upon which these models rest. I argue that the potential contribution of criminalization to the alleviation of social inequalities can only be realized within a vision of citizenship that is radically different from the one endorsed by neoliberal governments over the last three decades.

Wzbogacona rzeczywistość a nierówności społeczne

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Piotr Nieradka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Augmented Reality Technology ◽  
Digital Gap ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on the technology of extended reality, whereby the aim is to draw attention to selected issues related to technology and solutions in the extended reality area in the context of social inequalities. The first part of the article discusses the essence of extended reality technology, paying attention to its place in the modern economy, along with a description of such solutions. The remainder of the study focuses on the issue of social inequality, with particular emphasis on the impact of extended reality on the problem of the digital gap and digital divide. The article presents the results of original research undertaken on a group of 88 respondents with both CAWI and equipment supporting augmented reality technology, of which 39.36% declared testing with this type of equipment in the past. The article also presents the results of original research with the use of XR equipment. XR-related solutions are currently still perceived as luxury goods, despite both the increasing availability for users and undoubtedly unique advantages. These include realism of generated experiences and the phenomenon of immersion in the synthetic world. The analysis of the role of such solutions in the context of social inequality provides a conclusion about their dichotomous nature. On the one hand, by popularizing the XR technology, the possibility of overcoming barriers and inequalities resulting from individual characteristics or social position is created, which leads to the improvement in the life situations of some people who have been struggling with exclusion so far. On the other hand, it provides the conclusion that such advanced technology entering everyday life has the potential to create another digital divide, which in the long term will result in increasing digital disproportions and exclusion.

No-Spouse Employment and the Problem of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
I. Gede YUSA ◽  
Bagus HERMANTO ◽  
Nyoman Mas ARYANI
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Worker Rights ◽  
The One

The role of Constitutional Court as the protector of human rights related with the effort to guarantee the human rights also the worker’s rights with their decision. The decision in this study related with constitutionality of no-spouse employment norms. This study aims to examine the constitutionality aspects related with no-spouse employment policy related with human rightsor worker rights. This study is using statutory approach, conceptual approach and comparative studies concerning no-spouse employment policy. The results show that no-spouse employment policy is contrary with the Constitution and human rights legal instruments. Moreover, there is problem concerning the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia on the one hand is final and binding but non-executable automatically. This study to encourage the new paradigm to ensure the execution of the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, in this context related with decision on the constitutionality no-spouse employment norms.  

scholarly journals Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution?

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dixon ◽  
Mark Levine ◽  
Steve Reicher ◽  
Kevin Durrheim
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Prejudice Reduction ◽  
The Political ◽  
Intergroup Emotions ◽  
Action Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ironic Effects

AbstractFor most of the history of prejudice research, negativity has been treated as its emotional and cognitive signature, a conception that continues to dominate work on the topic. By this definition, prejudice occurs when we dislike or derogate members of other groups. Recent research, however, has highlighted the need for a more nuanced and “inclusive” (Eagly 2004) perspective on the role of intergroup emotions and beliefs in sustaining discrimination. On the one hand, several independent lines of research have shown that unequal intergroup relations are often marked by attitudinal complexity, with positive responses such as affection and admiration mingling with negative responses such as contempt and resentment. Simple antipathy is the exception rather than the rule. On the other hand, there is mounting evidence that nurturing bonds of affection between the advantaged and the disadvantaged sometimes entrenches rather than disrupts wider patterns of discrimination. Notably, prejudice reduction interventions may have ironic effects on the political attitudes of the historically disadvantaged, decreasing their perceptions of injustice and willingness to engage in collective action to transform social inequalities.These developments raise a number of important questions. Has the time come to challenge the assumption that negative evaluations are inevitably the cognitive and affective hallmarks of discrimination? Is the orthodox concept of prejudice in danger of side-tracking, if not obstructing, progress towards social justice in a fuller sense? What are the prospects for reconciling a prejudice reduction model of change, designed to get people to like one another more, with a collective action model of change, designed to ignite struggles to achieve intergroup equality?

scholarly journals Relative social inequality in the world: Rigidity against the economic growth, 1992–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid M. Grigoryev ◽  
Victoria A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

The study of economic growth and social inequality goes back to the works of S. Kuznets, A. Atkinson, P. Krugman, J. Stiglitz, T. Piketti, and B. Milanovic. Statistical analysis of social inequalities for a large set of countries, divided into seven clusters, was conducted for the period 2000–2016. The share of incomes of the 10th decile was used as a measure of inequality. The hypothesis of the positive impact of economic growth on the reduction of social inequality was tested. Stylized facts on an array of 106 countries for the period under review indicate a high degree of stability of the level of inequality in most groups, especially in the most developed countries, and in particular in the Anglo-Saxon ones. The distribution of key socioeconomic and even political indicators for clusters shows their strong relationship with the structure of cluster inequality. This makes it possible to significantly deepen the analysis, in particular the one concerning the stages of world development.

scholarly journals The Role of Union Digital Centres in Reducing Social Inequalities in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Minhajul Abedin ◽  
Muhammad Ferdaus ◽  
A.M.M. Mubassher Shah ◽  
Md Abu Sayem
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
The People

Union Digital Centers have been inaugurated to accomplish the vision ‘Digital Bangladesh’ to empower rural people by providing digital services. The study attempts to assess the role of union digital centers in reducing social inequality. It also tries to identify the barriers in providing digital services to the local disadvantaged people. In this purpose, the study exerted a cross-sectional mixed-method approach. Data were collected from 399 service receivers of UDC through questionnaire survey, 16 KIIs and 5 FGDs. From principal component and correlation analysis, it is found that the grassroots people’s easy accessibility, citizen’s empowerment by minimizing information gap, quality service delivery at affordable price and time-cost-visit reduction play a significant role in reducing social inequality in rural areas. These factors are positively correlated with the effective service delivery of UDCs to reduce social inequality. Lack of awareness, conflict of job responsibility with UP secretaries and weak network connection are the major barriers in providing effective services of UDCs. Still UDCs bring a new dimension in the public service delivery system which empowers the people and reduce social inequalities in rural areas. 

scholarly journals Pozycja i rola Komisji Europejskiej w procedurze ochrony budżetu UE w przypadku uogólnionych braków w zakresie praworządności w państwach członkowskich

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Karol Piwoński
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this article is to analyse the position and role of the European Commission in the procedure provided in the regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the European Union’s budget. For this purpose the scheme of this procedure was analysed, by interpreting the relevant regulations using the dogmatic method and considering opinions of the EU institutions and views of the scholars. A comparative method has also been applied. The new position of the Commission in the procedure for protection of the EU budget has been compared with the position it plays in the existing instruments. The analysis made from the point of view of the position of individual institutions in the new procedure, although it does not allow predicting how they will be implemented. The conducted analysis demonstrates that the European Commission – an institution of Community character – has gained wide competences, and in applying them it has been given a wide range of discretion. On the one hand, the introduced regulations exemplify a new paradigm in creating mechanisms for protection of the rule of law. On the other hand, they raise doubts as to their compliance with EU law. However, they undoubtedly constitute a decisive step towards increasing the effectiveness of the EU's instruments for the rule of law protection.

scholarly journals Digitalization and Decolonizing Education: A Qualitative Study of University of South Africa (UNISA) Leadership

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 553-560
Author(s):  
Vuyisile Msila ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Vision ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

The COVID-19 pandemic that shook the world in 2020 forced all educational institutions to search for new ways of teaching and learning. Furthermore, education institutions such as the University of South Africa (UNISA), like all other universities, found themselves with a huge task of promoting digitalization. As a traditional distance education institution, UNISA had to refine digitalization in a time of decolonization in the Global South. This case study examined the role of educational managers in sustaining effective digitalization. Eight UNISA managers were selected and interviewed to understand how they perceived the role of digital leaders. Furthermore, the study sought to understand why it is critical that managers should be in the forefront of digitalization. The study found that at present in Africa it is critical for digitalization to be combined with decolonization. Additionally, when digitalization and decolonization are implemented simultaneously, they become vehicles for social justice and democracy. This then means that education can be a tool for liberation and achievement where the digital divide is minimized. When implemented well, education institutions become institutions with access for success. The conclusions show that a set strategy based on a new vision for a university will harness digital leadership. The participants also mentioned strategic documents at the university; on the one hand are the Five Pillars of Change whilst on the other are the Eight Dimensions of Transformation. Furthermore, the participants claimed that their institution was on the road to success whilst building UNISA as an institution “Towards the African University that builds futures.”

Inequality, Social Mobility, and Racism in Bolivia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Rosa Rea Campos
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Poverty Concentration ◽  
The Social

Using Bolivia as a case study, this contribution discusses the relationship between racism and social inequality in Latin America. It establishes the role of ethnic and racial categories in the construction of imaginary borders that hinder social mobility among disadvantaged populations. Poverty in Latin America certainly affects the indigenous, Afro-descendants, and mestizos; indeed, the highest poverty indexes are still disproportionately concentrated among indigenous and Afro-descendant communities. These communities usually occupy manual labor positions with low remuneration and high degrees of informalization, while high-skilled, nonmanual positions with higher remuneration and power are concentrated in different communities. This pattern of poverty concentration has not significantly changed in countries, such as Bolivia, with large indigenous populations. In the past few decades, the social policies of progressive governments in Bolivia have managed to reduce extreme poverty at the macroeconomic level; however, these policies have had little effect on reducing social inequality gaps. Moreover, these progressive policies have yet to significantly reduce the entrenched racism that allows for Bolivian social inequalities to persist.

scholarly journals Reflexiones en Torno al Movimiento Corporal Humano desde una Perspectiva Multidimensional y Compleja

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floralinda Garc
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Biomedical Model ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Continuous Movement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Holistic Conception ◽  
The One

Se necesita un nuevo paradigma, una nueva visión de la realidad que nos ayude a entender el movimiento corporal humano desde una perspectiva multidimensional y compleja. Se trata de pasar de una concepción mecanicista a una concepción holística de la realidad, lo cual requiere, a su vez, una transformación de nuestros pensamientos, percepciones y valores. El objetivo es reflexionar en torno a los conceptos de cuerpo y movimiento desde una perspectiva multidimensional y compleja, expresando la diferencia de esta perspectiva con la visión estrictamente etimológica ligada al modelo biomédico cartesiano. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de documentos científicos, que permitieron una nueva mirada integradora hacia el estudio del movimiento corporal humano. Todo ello a partir de las referencias teóricas de diferentes investigadores y enfoques como el antropológico, el energético, el filosófico y ontológico. Teorías como la del movimiento continuo y el movimiento como sistema complejo, que están en consonancia con los aportes recientes de las diferentes ramas del saber, suministran una base para la reflexión sobre el estudio y el ejercicio de la Fisioterapia.ABSTRACTWe need a new paradigm, a new vision of reality that helps us to understand human body movement from a complex and multidimensional perspective. It involves moving from a mechanistic to a holistic conception of reality, which requires, in turn, a transformation of our thinking, perceptions, and values. The objective is to reflect on body and movement concepts from a complex and multidimensional perspective, showing the difference between this perspective and the strictly etymological vision linked to the Cartesian biomedical model. A search was carried out in the databases of scientific documents, which gave a new integrative look at the study of human body movement; all from the theoretical references of different researchers and approaches such as the anthropological, the energetic, the philosophical and the ontological. Theories, such as the one concerning continuous movement and movement as a complex system, which are consonant with the recent contributions from the different branches of knowledge, provide a base for reflection on the study and exercise of Physiotherapy.

scholarly journals Potential nutrition contributions to exercise-associated muscle cramping in four recreational half-marathoners: A case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hanson ◽  
Andrew Dole
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Objectives: Nutrition-related practices and outcomes vary dramatically between athletes, and traditional beliefs regarding the role of electrolytes and hydration in exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) may be hindering meaningful prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of carbohydrate (CHO), energy, and exertion level, in conjunction with electrolyte and hydration status to assess the role of these possible predictors of EAMC. Methods: A case study series approach was used to capture pre-race and on-course food and beverage intake, pre and post-race body weight, relative perceived exertion (RPE), and history of EAMC for four recreational runners prior to and during a half-marathon race. Results: CHO intake, energy intake, and hydration status varied among the runners with one occurrence of EAMC. Reported pre-race CHO intake for all but one runner fell below 5 g/kg/day. Weight loss during the race was between 1.23-3.03%. Two of the four runners reported a prior history of EAMC, one of which experienced EAMC during the race. The two runners with a prior history of EAMC, also reported the lowest 3-day energy and CHO intakes. The one runner who encountered an EAMC did not experience the greatest net race sodium loss. However, this runner did have the greatest race weight loss, the greatest race sweat loss, the longest duration of activity, the lowest RPE, and suboptimal energy and CHO intakes. Conclusions: The observed case of EAMC does not appear to be entirely inconsistent with the traditional dehydration/ electrolyte loss theory. However, the in-depth characterization of each runner illustrates the complex interaction of potential predictors and also generates questions regarding the potential contribution of suboptimal energy and CHO intakes.

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