scholarly journals Legal Instruments to Support Borrowers (Consumers and Entrepreneurs) in Connection with the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland, and Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-212
Author(s):  
Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska ◽  
Marta Stanisławska ◽  
Hien Thuc Trinh
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Gainful Employment ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Domestic Credit

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions introduced in 2020 in many countries on economic activity and gainful employment have in many cases, reduced the incomes of individual households. As a result, the actual ability to meet credit obligations has declined, particularly for those who have lost their jobs or livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant challenge for economies, national authorities, and entrepreneurs, including borrowers. This article aims to analyse the legal regulations in Poland, and Vietnam, introducing instruments to support borrowers, consumers, and entrepreneurs, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors will present the legal basis for the instruments to support borrowers provided in the studied countries, indicate their legal nature, forms, and conditions of using them. They also compare legal solutions introduced in connection with the pandemic aimed at mitigating its adverse effects on borrowers in Poland, and Vietnam, to indicate whether cultural differences and differences in legal systems, as well as individual approaches to the domestic credit market, affected the choice of legal instruments for supporting borrowers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, or not.

Model for assigning security objects to a specific risk category in the field of fire safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
D. V. Zobkov ◽  
◽  
A. A. Poroshin ◽  
A. A. Kondashov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Risk Categories

Introduction. A mathematical model is presented for assigning protection objects to certain risk categories in the field of fire safety. The model is based on the concepts of the probability of adverse effects of fires causing harm (damage) of various extent and severity to the life or health of citizens, and the acceptable risk of harm (damage) from fires. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to develop the procedure for assigning protection objects to a certain category of risk of harm (damage) based on estimates of the probability of fires with the corresponding severity consequences, to determine the acceptable level of risk of harm (damage) due to the fires, to calculate and develop numerical values of criteria for assigning objects of protection to the appropriate risk categories. Methods. The boundaries of the intervals corresponding to certain risk categories are determined by dividing the logarithmic scale of severity of adverse effects of fires into equal segments. Classification methods are used to assign objects of protection to a specific risk category. Results and discussion. Based on the level of severity of potential negative consequences of a fire, risk categories were determined for groups of protection objects that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and by functional fire hazard classes. The risk category for each individual object of protection is proposed to be determined using the so-called index of "identification of a controlled person" within a group of objects that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and class of functional fire hazard. Depending on the risk category, the periodicity of planned control and supervision measures in relation to the specific object of protection under consideration is determined, taking into account its socio-economic characteristics and the state of compliance with fire safety requirements by the controlled person. Conclusions. To develop criteria for classifying protection objects that are homogeneous in terms of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes, the probability of negative consequences of fires, that are causing harm (damage) of various extent and severity to the life or health of citizens, and the acceptable risk of causing harm (damage) as a result of fires, is used. The risk category for each individual object of protection is determined taking into account socio-economic characteristics of the object that affect the level of ensuring its fire safety, as well as the criteriaof integrity of the subordinate person that characterize the probability of non-compliance with mandatory fire safety requirements at the object of protection. Calculations are made and numerical values of criteria for assigning protection objects that are homogeneous in terms of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes to a certain category of risk are proposed. Key words: object of protection, probability of fire, acceptable level of risk, risk category, dangerous factor of fire, death and injury of people.

THE SPECIFICS OF TAXATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Alomatxon Abdullayeva ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Domestic Products

The article examines the legal basis, application and rates of taxes, customs duties and levies, such as excise and VAT, applied in the foreign economic activity of Uzbekistan.The study found that an increase in taxes, duties and levies on imported goods could also lead to a decline in the quality of domestic products

scholarly journals Policy Model for Muslim State Inflation Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
Hamdan Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
External Balance

Inflation is a problem which is not simple and is classified as an economic disease. Inflation is one important indicator in analyzing a country's economy, especially with regard to its broad impact on macroeconomic variables: economic growth, external balance, competitiveness, and even income distribution. Inflation is characterized by high and continuous increases in prices not only causing some adverse effects on economic activity, but also on the prosperity of individuals and society. An increase in the price of one or two items alone cannot be called inflation, unless the increase extends to an increase in the majority of other goods.

scholarly journals Selected legal problems of EEG biofeedback therapy under the Polish law

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Nowak-Gruca
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Eeg Biofeedback ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Biofeedback Therapy ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Neuronal Signal ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Training Protocol ◽  
Selection Of

The use of EEG biofeedback for therapeutic or healing purposes has its justification in modern research and recently one can notice the increasing popularity of this method. Possible threats which may be associated with improper training and EEG biofeedback therapy may result from error in the diagnosis or incorrect selection of the training protocol. The effectiveness of therapy depends largely on the efforts of the patient himself, however, the range of waves will be amplified or suppressed by diagnosticians and therapists. If during an EEG biofeedback, the correct neuronal signal is amplified or suppressed, this can have adverse effects. In Poland, there are no legal regulations regarding the acquisition of qualifications for conducting neurotherapy. Likewise, there are no indications as to which institutions have the right to assign appropriate powers to use this type of apparatus. The lack of legal regulations means that now everyone can practice neurotherapy. The article presents selected legal problems related to conducting EEG biofeedback therapy under law, especially under Polish regulations, including the problem of the responsibility of the therapist or trainer.

A matter of principle(s): The legal effect of impartiality and neutrality on States as humanitarian actors

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (897-898) ◽  
pp. 157-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kubo Mačák
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
International Court ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Universal Applicability

AbstractThis article examines the legal nature of the principles of impartiality and neutrality of humanitarian action, focusing on States as humanitarian actors. It argues that international law does not provide a general legal basis for the universal applicability of these principles, contrary to a common interpretation of the International Court of Justice's 1986 judgment in theNicaraguacase. Nevertheless, impartiality and neutrality may have a significant legal effect on the conduct of States. They may be directly binding on States through the operation of Security Council resolutions drafted in mandatory language. In addition, they may have indirect effect due to the States’ obligation to respect humanitarian organizations’ adherence to the principles. On the basis of this argument, the article pleads for increased conceptual clarity and, in turn, effectiveness of humanitarian action.

Refugees from Polish territories in Russia during the First World War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Korzeniowski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Upheaval ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Forced Resettlement ◽  
First World

This chapter concentrates on the issues raised by the forced resettlement of civilians (mainly Poles) in the Kingdom of Poland by the Tsarist authorities, beginning in 1914-15. Attention is paid to migration of the Polish population from Russian-occupied Galicia into the Russian interior. The chapter focuses on the institutional arrangements made on their behalf including the legal basis of their activity, financial, educational, cultural, economic and religious assistance to refugees, and the implications for creating and maintaining their national consciousness. Particularly noteworthy is the inclusion and participation of at least some refugees in the cultural, educational, journalistic and economic activity of Poles who had settled permanently in the Russian interior and formed ‘Polish colonies’. An important issue concerns the return of refugees to their homeland and the problems this posed at a time of internal and international political upheaval, especially after the Bolshevik seizure of power.

Legal Framework for the E-Taxation in Turkey

2013 ◽  
pp. 165-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günes Çetin Gerger
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
Electronic Recording ◽  
Taxation System

This study analyzes the legal framework of e-taxation in the Turkish Republic. Tax service is commonly provided by using ICT in many countries. In e-government applications in Turkey, provision of e-tax service is one of the leading projects. Among the members of OECD, electronic tax return, payment systems and tax automation systems generated in this area have gained an increasing importance. Taxpayers fill the declarations electronically and also pay tax debts without going to the tax offices. E-taxation system is becoming widespread in Turkey. Implementation of the system in Turkey started in 1998 with VEDOP I and continued with 2004 VEDOP II and 2007 VEDOP III Projects. These applications are legislated by the Tax Procedure Law in Turkey. Thus, legal regulations on electronic recording are established on a legal basis. In this study, e-government tax applications in the Turkish Tax Law (e-tax return, e-books, e-signature, e-audit) and legal base of this application is examined. Information is given on how it is implemented by means of information technologies in Turkey. The main purpose of the study is to examine what legal regulations were enacted for registering and taxation in the use of information technologies and to determine the current situation in Turkey.

scholarly journals PHILIP II AGAINST THE CORTES AND THE CREDIT FREEZE OF 1575-1577

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Álvarez-Nogal ◽  
Christophe Chamley
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Domestic Debt ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Domestic Credit

ABSTRACTNumerous archival documents show how the suspension of payments by Philip II, in September 1575, on the contracts with Genoese bankers (asientos) induced a freeze of the domestic credit market in Castile through the bankers’ intermediation forasientosand the credit interconnections. Commercial fairs stopped, banks failed and trade suffered while the king granted legal protection to the Genoese bankers. The evidence strikingly confirms that by his strategy, Philip II was able to remove thede factoceiling on the domestic debt (juros) imposed by the fixed revenue commitment of the Castilian cities in the Cortes. The agreement with the bankers was signed in December 1577 immediately after the cities had agreed to the doubling of their commitment.

Legal Characteristics of a Servitude in the Public Interest

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-939
Author(s):  
Renato Vrenčur ◽  
Michael Knaus ◽  
Matjaž Tratnik
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
Limited Duration

Servitudes (easements) traditionally include the right to use foreign property. Specific types of servitudes are servitudes in the public interest. These are set up either in favour of the state, municipalities or operators of utilities. These servitudes are subject to some specific rules. For example, servitude in the public interest is established to carry out an undertaking for the operation of economic activity, i.e. to pursue public interests. It is needed for the duration of the use of public infrastructure; therefore, Article 227 of SPZ, under which a servitude may only be established for a limited duration of not more than thirty years, is not suitable for these servitudes. Furthermore, these servitudes are not independently transferable; they are transferred together with the right to operate economic public infrastructure. The authors discuss in particular the specific legal nature of a servitude in the public interest.

scholarly journals Formation of the Economic and Legal Basis for the Development of Organic Farming in Ukraine Through the Prism of European Experience and Attracting Foreign Investment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Daria Piddubna ◽  
Viktoriia Shekhovtsova ◽  
Olha Melnychuk ◽  
Mykola Pypiak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
European Experience

The natural resources as the constituent of the natural environment and their condition are determined, which requires immediate action. The interaction of a person, his activity with the natural environment is characterized. Economic indicators, including price policy, social guarantees, protection and protection of economic activity in comparison with the international and European status are determined. The analysis of components of the environment in Ukraine is given and the legal bases for the settlement and protection of human rights and freedoms are defined. Potentially possible activities for Ukraine are outlined. The vectors of development and support from the state of Ukraine are analyzed. The direction of development of farming, which today is defined as the creation of a legal entity, with the statute, mandatory state registration, with the opening of an account in a financial institution, is determined in the framework of the current regulatory framework. Attention is drawn to the support of family forms of economic activity at the European level. In order to protect natural resources as constituents of the natural environment and components of human life, it is proposed to take measures to support and develop small and medium business entities, as well as directly owners of land plots, including land plots (shares). The prospects for the introduction of organic farming in Ukraine as an element of the state of the environment change are determined. The necessity of taking a number of economic and legal actions that will be directed not only to protect and protect the rights of citizens of Ukraine but also to meet the commitments that Ukraine has assumed through European integration will meet the generally accepted international and European requirements in the field of conducting international relations for different vectors, and also create conditions for attracting foreign investments into Ukraine.            Keywords: economic and legal basis, organic farming, European experience, foreign investment, natural resources, environment, landowners, farming, agro-chemicals and pesticides, price policy.

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