scholarly journals The specificity of state aid in Poland in comparison with European Union countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Renata Przygodzka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Eu

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to identify the directions and instruments of state aid (with the exception of agriculture and the transport sector) used in Poland and to identify their specificities in relation to other countries of the European Union. Research method – The achievement of the above purpose required the use of research methods such as the analysis of legal acts, the collection and analysis of secondary data and the processing of the collected factual material using descriptive statistical methods. The data source was The State Aid Scoreboard, together with a variety of reports from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. Results – In 2017, the amount of state aid in Poland was twice as high as the average indicator in the European Union (1.51% and 0.76% respectively). Regional development (27.3%) was the main beneficiary of its allocation, while environmental protection was 55.4% in the EU. A specific feature of state aid in Poland is its sustainability, which does not exist to a similar extent in other Member States. Originality /value – According to the author's knowledge, this is one of the unique research papers devoted to the problem of state aid, especially in the context of the indication of the specific characteristics of state aid in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union.

scholarly journals Competition Law and State Aid for Failing Banks in the EU and its Specific Implications for CEE Member States

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
Virág Blazsek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Competition Authority ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Bank Bailouts ◽  
The Eu

The bank bailouts following the global financial crisis of 2008 have been subject to prior approval of the European Commission (EC), the competition authority of the European Union. The EC was reluctant to reject rescue efforts directed at failing banks and so it consistently approved all such requests submitted by Member States. Out of the top twenty European banks, the EC authorized State aid to at least twelve entities. In this context, the paper outlines the gradually changing interpretation of EU State aid rules, the “temporary and extraordinary rules” introduced starting from late 2008, and the extension of the “no-State aid” category. The above shifts show that the EC itself deflected from relevant EU laws in order to systemically rescue important banks in Europe and restore their financial stability. The paper argues that bank bailouts and bank rescue packages by the State have led to different effects on market structures and consumer welfare in the Eurozone and non-Eurozone areas, mostly the Eastern segments of the European Union. As such, it is argued that they are inconsistent with the European common market. Although the EC tried to minimize the distortion of competition created as a result of the aforementioned case law primarily through the application of the principle of exceptionality and different compensation measures, these efforts have been at least partially unsuccessful. Massive State aid packages, the preferential treatment of the largest, or systemically important, banks through EU State aid mechanisms – almost none of which are Central and Eastern European (CEE) – may have led to the distortion of competition on the common market. That is so mainly because of the prioritization of the stability of the financial sector and the Euro. The paper argues that State aid for failing banks may have had important positive effects in the short run, such as the promotion of the stability of the banking system and the Euro. In the longrun however, it has contributed to the unprecedented sovereign indebtedness in Europe, and contributed to an increased economic and political instability of the EU, particularly in its most vulnerable CEE segment.

scholarly journals Zvyšovanie kompetencií orgánov Európskej únie ako jedna z príčin nárastu extrémistických a radikálnych politických strán

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Matej Mindár
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Great Support ◽  
High Support ◽  
The Eu

Extremist and radical political parties have been getting great support in several Member States of the European Union. One of the main reasons are the continuous growing of competences of the European Union institutions. The aim of our article is to analyze selected extremist and radical political parties from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland working in the current European Parliament. As the research method of the quantitative approach we have chosen the method of content analysis. In the analysis and interpretation of the research results we have used the method of interpretation of exploratory analysis. Based on the results of our research, we have found that selected political parties are dismissing the current direction of the European Union. They are dismissing further movement of sovereignty to the EU institutions. Their relatively high support among European voters is made by traditional political parties pursuing a policy of deeper integration.

scholarly journals Zagadnienie pomocy publicznej udzielanej na ochronę środowiska – teoria zawodności rynku a polityka konkurencji Unii Europejskiej

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Piotr Podsiadło
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this article is to present the conditions of admissibility of state aidin the European Union, with particular emphasis on horizontal aid for environmentalprotection. State aid measures can correct market failures and therebycontribute towards achieving common objectives. It should be targeted towardssituations where aid can bring a material improvement that the market cannotdeliver alone. The EU Member States intending to grant environmental or energyaid have to define precisely the objective pursued and explain what is the expectedcontribution of the measure towards this objective.

scholarly journals State aid for environmental protection and energy objectives in Poland and other countries of the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Jan Braun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
State Aid ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Total State ◽  
The Eu

Purpose – The purpose of the article is to present the development of horizontal aid for environ-mental protection and objectives related to green energy in Poland in comparison with other EU countries in 2009-2017. The above category of state aid in Poland has been characterised in detail, considering its sources, forms, entities providing support as well as the main beneficiaries of aid. Research method – The article utilises the analysis of existing data on horizontal aid for environmental protection and energy objectives in Poland and European Union countries. Results – During the period 2014-2017, as part of horizontal aid in Poland, the majority of aid was granted for environmental protection and energy objectives (in 2014 it accounted for 45% of the total horizontal aid). In the European Union, by comparison, a gradual increase in the share of the abovementioned category of assistance in the total state aid granted in the analysed period is noticeable. The largest share of the studied category in total state aid was recorded in Sweden, Austria and Germany, while the largest increase in the share of this aid in total state aid was seen in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Romania. Originality /value / implications /recommendations - As a result of the strategies implemented in the EU states, the aid for environmental protection and energy objectives is currently one of the most important categories of horizontal aid. This article offers a multifaceted analysis of the above assistance in Poland and a detailed comparison of the level of this support in the EU countries.

scholarly journals Zasady wykorzystania środków z Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich na lata 2014-2020 do termomodernizacji gospodarstw rolnych

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Huterska ◽  
Justyna Łapińska ◽  
Ewa Zdunek-Rosa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Implementation Rate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the article is to present the possible support of agricultural farms in investments enabling their thermo-modernisation within the Rural Development Programme (PROW) for the years 2014-2020. The analysis of the available literature on the subject and legal acts, both ones of the European Union and national ones regulating the discussed issue, was chosen as a research method. A comparison was also made between the number and value of contracted operations and the value of payments made within PROW 2007-2013 and PROW 2014-2020. The analysis of the aforementioned legal acts allowed indicating the abilities to support the fulfilment of thermo-modernisation undertakings in agricultural farms from the EU funds, and the analysis of empirical data enabled an evaluation of both programmes in terms of the implementation rate of the activity when compared with all the activities available within PROW.

scholarly journals MAIN TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT BIOFUELS MARKET IN THE EU AND UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
G.G. Geletukha ◽  
T.A. Zheliezna ◽  
S.V. Drahniev ◽  
A.I. Bashtovyi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Stagnation Period ◽  
The Eu

Purpose of the work is to analyze the perspective directions for the development of transport biofuels sector in Ukraine. Current state and prospects for the production and utilization of transport biofuels in the EU are presented. It is shown that the consumption of transport biofuels in the European Union increased quite dynamically during 2004-2012, experienced a stagnation period for the next four years and started to rise again from 2017. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II) sets the mandatory target of achieving 14% of renewable energy in the EU transport sector by 2030, with a mandatory share of second generation biofuels. Analysis of the situation in Ukraine shows that the production of bioethanol and biodiesel, unfortunately, has not reached wide development. Over the past twenty years, several relevant programs were developed and approved in the country, but their implementation was not successful in terms of achieving the goals. Today, there are about 20 bioethanol producers in Ukraine with a total capacity of more than 300 kt/yr, but only 8 enterprises with a total capacity of 128 kt/yr are operating. It is known that 14 biodiesel plants with a total capacity of 300 kt/yr have been built in Ukraine, but at present they are actually idle. In addition, there are about 50 smaller enterprises capable of producing up to 25 kt of biodiesel per year, but no reliable information on the actual activity of these enterprises is available. It is obvious that the sector of transport biofuels is currently in a state of stagnation in Ukraine. To improve the situation, it is necessary to implement the consistent state policy and appropriate incentive instruments.

Value and Structure of Public Aid in Poland Against the European Union Background During the Years 2007-2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Roman Kisiel ◽  
Małgorzata Kamińska ◽  
Wiesława Lizińska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
State Aid ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Aid ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
The Eu

Evaluation of changes in the value and structure of public aid in Poland and EU during the years 2007-2012 was the objective of the paper. The data from reports by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection as well as data from the State Aid Scoreboard published by the European Commission based on the information provided by the Member States concerning that aid was used. In Poland, evident increasing trends of the horizontal aid value can be observed. In 2012, as compared to 2007, it increased by 0.5 billion euro to the level of 1.64 billion euro. Its share in the total value of support oscillates within 55-60% range. In the European Union that share is generally at the level of 70-74%. In Poland, the sectoral aid is limited gradually although its magnitude still differs from the Union standards. In 2012, the share of that aid was relatively small at ca. 14% while in the EU it was 12.9%. The regional aid is at the similar level both in Poland and in the EU oscillating around 20%. However, in 2012, the share of regional aid in Poland increased to the level of 26% and it was higher by 8 pp than the share of that aid in the EU. Significant differences are characteristic for the share of the aid in the GDP. During the period covered by the study the largest differences occurred in 2010 when the share of support in Poland was 1.7% of the GDP and in the EU 0.6% of the GDP. In 2012, a half of the public aid in Poland was allocated to large enterprises. 

Editorial

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. P. N. Jha
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Research Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

You may subscribe to a notion that the ambitious plan on entrepreneurship and innovation in our country has to be nurtured through emerging technologies, resulting as newly sprouted shoots of scientific researches & investigations carried out globally. According to Unesco's Science Report, the European Union is the world leader in terms of its global share of science researchers (22.2%), ahead of China (19.1%) and the US (16.7%). The EU is admittedly a community of scientific talent which can flow between countries and which can assemble bespoke constellations of cutting-edge labs, industry and small businesses to tackle challenges local and global. Given that the European Research Area produces a major chunk of the world's research output, this collective spirit provides a powerful environment to combine leading players across borders to common advantage. So large is the programme that top teams in about two hundred other nations in the world are easily taken on board as secondary participants. Since the 1980s, global research has rapidly grown more international. The prevalence of scientific research papers co-authored by researchers from more than one country has risen sharply. This, in a nutshell, is how a larger aggregation of countries converts its critical mass into a critical research advantage, globally. But, the recent disaster of Brexit referendum, the exit of the UK from the European Union, on an ugly xenophobia leading to a slim margin of 51.9% to 48.1%, is most likely to unleash global turmoil. It would not only weaken the EU economically and politically, but would equally be a blow to the European scientific projects, which in turn may adversely affect our entrepreneurial and innovation-drives. We, therefore, ought to ensure our preparedness to combat any similar challenge in the aftermath of Brexit. The new issue of SMS Journal of Entrepreneurship & Innovation, with twelve research papers and articles representing the intellectual strivings of a new set of authors, is expected to be matching to your cognitive tastes. The Journal has been striving to bring together the views of all the relevant epistemological stakeholders on a common platform for causing a continuous learning and development. Your feedback, suggestions, and contemporary article contributions will go a long way in making the publication one of the most resourceful knowledge-reservoir in the country for the relevant domain. All the contributors to this issue deserve our heartfelt thanks, and I on behalf of the Editorial Board hereby do so. We further seek a similar patronage of the Advisory Board for the great mission of 'SMS Journal of Entrepreneurship & Innovation' to be attained. I close with warm wishes.

scholarly journals The 2019 ‘Fitness Check’ of State Aid Modernisation Reform of 2012—An Opportunity to Redefine and Reintroduce Sustainability into the EU/EEA State Aid Rules? The Example of the Transport Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyndecka
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Eu

This article intends to launch a discussion on the possibilities of introducing more sustainability into the rules on granting State aid. State aid law constitutes a crucial part of the internal market regulation. In principle, granting public support to companies is prohibited in the European Union (EU) as such state intervention distorts competition. In some cases, however, aid may be allowed if it pursues a legitimate public policy objective such as research, regional development, transport or environmental protection. In 2017, the EU Member States spent EUR 116.2 billion, i.e., 0.76% of GDP, on State aid at the EU level. While aid to the environment and energy saving promotes sustainability, the question is whether other types of aid also do so. This article provides a brief explanation of the rationale behind State aid control, explains how ‘good aid’ may be approved by the European Commission or EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) before it is granted by the Member States and proposes taking a closer look at the current guidelines for granting aid in the transport sector. This sector has a serious impact on the environment and human well-being, while it is heavily subsidised by the state.

III. Social Policy

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
Erika Szyszczak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Merger Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Lisbon Agenda

Social policy is undergoing review, the aim being to consolidate the fragmented nature of social policy law, and to provide for the integration of all Community policies. This is part of a larger where the EU is attempting to provide a holistic approach towards all policies, ensuring that they meet the demands placed upon governments, as well as private undertakings, in the enlarged single market. Of particular significance is the interaction between social policy law and competition law, especially in relation to state aid and merger policy. The Lisbon Process, now at mid-term, has not been successful in delivering the projected results. Thus throughout 2005 the European Union focused upon revitalizing the Lisbon agenda with the focus upon improving the quality of work as well as combating unemployment.1

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