scholarly journals Barokna palača i vrt Giovannija Felicea de Gerliczyja u Rijeci: prilog identifikaciji i valorizaciji

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Petar Puhmajer ◽  
Krasanka Majer Jurišić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Storey Building ◽  
Made In

The article focuses on the history and architectural features of a baroque palace formerly owned by Giovanni Felice de Gerliczy and nowadays hidden behind the historicist façade of the building at 14 Ciottina Street in Rijeka. The palace was built in the 1750s and its original appearance is known from a drawing made in 1780, now preserved at the Austrian State Archives. The palace’s design and spatial organization, as presented in the drawing, show that it was a representative residential palace built for a wealthy and important investor. Originally, it was a three-storey building with three wings and an asymmetrical distribution of rooms. However, one can still discern the typically baroque, central position of the grand hall on the first floor, stretching along the whole width of the building, and the entry hall positioned along the same axis on the ground floor. The authors have analysed the original design and spatial organization of the palace, especially the appearance, arrangement, and individual elements of the French parterre garden, which remained largely preserved until the late 19th century, same as the palace. During the 19th and 20th centuries, however, the palace suffered extensive reconstructions, which included an adaptation of its interior to create rental apartments, construction of the third floor, and addition of historicist ornamentation to the façades.

Use of Timber in Tall Multi-Storey Buildings

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Smith ◽  
Andrea Frangi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Structural Form ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Storey Building

<p>Since the dawn of civilization, timber has been a primary material for achieving great structural engineering feats. Yet during the late 19th century and most of the 20th century it lost currency as a preferred material for construction of large and tall multi-storey building superstructures. This Structural Engineering Document (SED) addresses a reawakening of interest in timber and timber-based products as primary con-struction materials for relatively tall, multi-storey buildings. Emphasis throughout is on holistically addressing various aspects of performance of complete systems, reflecting that major gaps in knowhow relate to design concepts rather than technical information about timber as a material. Special con-sideration is given to structural form, fire vulnerability, and durability aspects for attaining desired building performance over lifespans that can be centuries long.</p>

scholarly journals Martyrs made in the sky: the Zénith balloon tragedy and the construction of the French Third Republic's first scientific heroes

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-386
Author(s):  
Patrick Luiz Sullivan De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
Made In

Following the balloon's invention in 1783, the French greeted the technology with enthusiasm, speculating extensively about its potential scientific and practical applications. However, the lack of progress in navigating against the winds discredited ballooning, and in the following decades it became the domain of spectacular forms of entertainment and of swindlers trying to defraud public subscriptions. All of this changed after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, during which balloons were used to breach the siege of Paris. This essay explores how the aeronautical community, led by the recently established Société Française de Navigation Aérienne, mobilized the memory of the war to transform the balloon into a symbol of a heroic republican science. Paramount in that process was the Zénith 's 1875 high-altitude ascent that killed two aeronauts—Joseph Crocé-Spinelli and Théodore Sivel. The tragedy reverberated beyond France's scientific community, and through popular acclaim the two aeronauts became the Third Republic's first scientific martyrs, anticipating the eventual apotheoses of figures like Claude Bernard and Louis Pasteur. The ballooning revival in the last third of the century helped strengthen the association between France and aeronautics, thus setting the stage for the country to acquire a central position in the field by the early twentieth century.

Early Cycladic fortified settlements: aspects of cultural continuity and change in the Cyclades during the third millennium BC

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Anastasia Angelopoulou
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
New Evidence

Early Cycladic culture (third millennium BC) has been a focus of scientific interest since the late 19th century. Our knowledge of Early Cycladic civilization is based primarily on evidence gathered from a substantial number of cemeteries that have been discovered in various parts of the Cyclades. In comparison, excavations of Early Cycladic settlements are few in number. Thus, habitation comprises an essential yet understudied field of research.Despite these limitations, fieldwork as well as material and analytical studies conducted over the period 2000–2017 have contributed to a far better understanding of Early Cycladic habitation patterns. Excavations and/or publications of important sites, such as Chalandriani and Kastri on Syros, Skarkos on Ios, Dhaskalio and Kavos on Keros, Markiani on Amorgos and Korfari ton Amygdalion (Panormos) on Naxos, have revealed significant new evidence regarding the development and character of Early Cycladic civilization.

scholarly journals The Formation and Evolution of the Spassky Gully in Old Ryazan

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
А.В. Водорезов ◽  
Д.Г. Зайцев ◽  
В.А. Кривцов
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Alluvial Fans ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
The Third ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Formation And Evolution

По результатам изучения отложений в днище и конусе выноса оврага с учетом датировок артефактов из культурных слоев установлено время заложения и основные этапы развития Спасского оврага, проникшего на городище Старая Рязань. Появление оврага вызвано устройством оборонительного вала и рва Северного городища. Эрозия днища рва и трансформация его в овраг происходила во второй половине XI века и после перерыва во второй половине XII века. Третий этап активного развития оврага и роста его вершин приходится на период между 1732 годом и второй половиной XIX века и был связан с распашкой поверхности городища. Мониторинг эрозионных и оползневых процессов на городище Старая Рязань в период с 1999 по 2019 год позволил выделить период активизации оползневых процессов в 2017–2019 годах, что связано с изменением климатических условий в регионе. The investigation of the bottom sediments and the alluvial fans of the gully and the dating of artifacts found in occupation debris enable researchers to estimate when the Spassky gully (Old Ryazan) was formed and to assess the stages of its evolution. The gully was formed in the process of building a defensive wall and a moat in the northern part of the old town. In the late 11th century and after a considerable lapse of time in the late 12th century through the process of bottom erosion, the moat gradually turned into a gully. The third stage of its evolution is the period from 1732 to the late 19th century when the land was actively ploughed. By monitoring erosion and landslide activity in Old Ryazan in 1999-2019, the researchers managed to single out a period of increased landslide activity in 2017-2019, which can be accounted for by climatic changes in the region.

Serendipity: Werner's argument that the `two-only forms' (green and violet) of [CoCl2(en)2]+ salts demanded his octahedral model was correct. True?

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Bernal ◽  
Roger A. Lalancette
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alfred Werner

Chemists of the late 19th century, including Alfred Werner, prepared salts containing either green or violet cations of composition [CoCl2(en)2]+ (en is ethylenediamine, C2H8N2); we now refer to these as trans-dichloro and cis-dichloro species. We have discovered a third salt, purple in color, containing cations of the same elemental composition and whose asymmetric unit composition is [CoCl2(en)2]2Cl2·3H2O, in which the cobalt cations are a cis:trans dichloro pair. Such a discovery would undermine Werner's argument that if only two forms can be prepared, his octahedral theory was proven. Probably because his students never examined their crystals under a microscope, they failed to observe the `third' species, thereby ruining Werner's argument since he relied strictly on color to identify them. That was fortunate since our purple salt would have led him to abandon, or certainly delay, his momentous discovery. Our crystals consist of a 1:1 mixture of the cis and trans cations, thereby sharing the same elemental analysis and conductivity as the single salts, but not their crystal structure, inasmuch as X-ray diffraction had not even been discovered then. Serendipitously, our discovery would have been a great boon to his theoretical acumen, while his `two-color' argument may have doomed him.

scholarly journals The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Shinji Ido
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

The present article describes the vowel chain shift that occurred in the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish residents in Bukhara. It identifies the chain shift as constituting of an intermediate stage of the Northern Tajik chain shift and accordingly tentatively concludes that in the Northern Tajik chain shift Early New Persian ā shifted before ō did, shedding light on the process whereby the present-day Tajik vowel system was established. The article is divided into three parts. The first provides an explanation of the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish inhabitants of Bukhara. The second section explains the relationship between this particular variety and other varieties that have been used by Jews in Central Asia. The third section deals specifically with the vowel system of the variety and the changes that it has undergone since the late 19th century.

scholarly journals The Diplomatic Status of the Joseon Kingdom in the Context of the Competition among China, Japan and Russia on the Korean Peninsula (Late 19th Century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
L. E. Kozlov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Arena ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the end of the 19th century Korea took the first steps towards developing a modern model of diplomacy. This process was hampered by the inertia of vassal-suzerain relations with China and the uncertain status of Korea on the global arena. The author analyzed the indications of incomplete sovereignty of the Joseon Kingdom and its attempts to conduct sovereign diplomacy. The attitude of the great powers to Joseon has been considered. The uncertainty of Korea's diplomatic status at the end of the 19th century can be illustrated by the following contradiction. On the one hand, the great powers recognized Korea's sovereignty as a limited one and assigned a minister resident or consul general, which corresponds to the third and fourth level of a diplomatic representative. On the other hand, the Qing government prevented Joseon from pursuing an independent foreign policy, but could not shape it at its discretion. In 1901-1902, the diplomatic status of the Joseon Kingdom finally became fully sovereign de jure, de facto though internal problems and weaknesses did not disappear, and in 1904–1905 a Japanese protectorate over Korea was established.

Sectarian identity and the aim of integration

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (02) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Early History ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
Sectarian Identity

AbstractBasic information on the history of vaccination and anti-vaccinationism in the US and Germany is followed by discussion of the various opportunities for homeopaths to assess vaccination and the different assessments made in the early history of homoeopathy. Attitudes to vaccination are explored in American homoeopathic publications (books, selected journals, family medical guides). American homoeopathy is shown to have tended toward integration with conventional medicine rather than criticism of and opposition to it. Late 19th century American homoeopathy is shown to have been influenced by non-homoeopathic ideas. It did, however, have some characteristic ways of focusing on diseases, especially chronic diseases and their treatment in a specifically homoeopathic way, with homoeopathic physicians thinking in terms of ‘constitution’ and showing therapeutic optimism.

Australian Trade Unions in the Context of Union Theory

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Howard
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Role ◽  
Made In

Trade union theory has a long history and a considerable quality, but it has rarely seemed to touch on the nature of Australian unions of the 20th century. While the unions of the late 19th century may have been a response to con ventional stimuli, those of the 20th have seemed to arise out of the needs of the industrial relations machinery, rather than to satisfy worker demands. The Australian trade union can be regarded in general as an institution called into existence by a bureaucratic mechanism (the arbitration system) to enhance the functioning of that mechanism. Unions generally have not succeeded in carving out for themselves an industrial role that is independent of the arbitral system, and the efforts they have made in this direction have not been sustained. The trade union dependence on the arbitral system suggests that predictions about union behaviour derived from international experience may be based on quite irrelevant premises.

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