HIGH CORTICOSTEROID LEVELS IN PLASMA OF ADULT AND FOETAL WEDDELL SEALS (LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLI)

1979 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Liggins ◽  
J. T. France ◽  
B. S. Knox ◽  
W. M. Zapol
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Affinity Constant ◽  
Weddell Seals ◽  
Very High ◽  
Main Factor

ABSTRACT Pregnant and non-pregnant Weddell seals and foetuses were found to have very high plasma concentrations of corticosteroids (1–7 μmol/l) that were unaffected by stress. Cortisol comprised most of the corticosteroid in the adult but only 50 % of that in the foetus. The affinity constant (4.30–5.53 × 107 l/mol) and specificity of CBG and the MCR (4.5 l/d/kg lean body mass) in adult seals were similar to those of Man. The binding capacity of CBG (1.48–1.86 μmol/l) which is approximately three times that of Man contributed to the high plasma corticosteroid concentrations but the main factor was the cortisol turnover rate of 3670 μmol/d (1.3 g/d) which is the highest value reported in any species.

Propranolol in Children: Safety-Toxicity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Michael Artman ◽  
Mitch Grayson ◽  
Robert C. Boerth
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
First Case ◽  
Acute Ingestion ◽  
Pharmacologic Effect ◽  
Propranolol Therapy ◽  
Very High

Four hours after acute ingestion of 400 to 1,200 mg of propranolol by a healthy, 3-year-old boy, his plasma concentration of propranolol was 2,289 ng/ml. The only pharmacologic effect observed was a diminished heart rate response to crying and activity. In a second case, a 4-year-old boy on chronic propranolol therapy for renovascular hypertension had a hypoglycemic seizure when solid food was refused for three days because of an oral wound. The hypoglycemia was easily managed with intravenous glucose, and there were no sequelae. The first case alludes to the safety of propranolol in a healthy child even with very high plasma concentrations. The second case suggests the necessity of anticipating and avoiding hypoglycemia that can develop in children on chronic propranolol therapy when caloric intake is impaired.

scholarly journals The management of short-term intestinal failure in obese patients

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Powell-Tuck
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Intestinal Failure ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Obese Individual ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Refeeding Syndrome ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Very High

The prevalence of obesity in the general population is high and it is inevitable that artificial feeding will be needed from time to time in the obese patient, particularly in the critical care setting. Against a background of generous endogenous stores of energy as adipose tissue and the ability of obese individuals to survive starvation longer than non-obese individuals, emphasis is placed on preserving lean body mass and optimizing physiological function. Insulin resistance is typical of the obese individual and is exacerbated by stress; overfeeding is dangerous, particularly if it results in hyperglycaemia. Refeeding syndrome also has to be avoided. Weight may be difficult to measure and lean body mass difficult to assess. Calculation of energy requirements is therefore problematic in practice in the obese individual and there is substantial evidence from controlled clinical trials of the safety of feeding at or below resting energy expenditure. If this approach is taken it is wise to provide a more generous than normal protein intake and to beware of patients with a very high baseline urinary N excretion.

Effects of physical training and lean body mass of plasma amino acids in man

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Holm ◽  
L. Sullivan ◽  
R. Jagenburg ◽  
P. Bjorntorp
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Obese Subjects

Postabsorptive plasma amino acid and insulin concentrations were determined in subjects with hyperplastic obesity and in nonobese controls before and after a 6-wk period of physical training. After the training period the plasma concentrations of insulin and leucine decreased and the concentration of alanine increased in the obese subjects. No changes were noticed in the controls. The obese subjects had elevated plasma levels of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine before as well as after physical training. The concentrations of these amino acids were correlated to the plasma insulin level and to lean body mass before but only to lean body mass after physical training. It is suggested that the lean body mass, whick is higher in hyperplastic obesity, contributes to the elevated concentrations of amino acids, and it is unlikely that the insulin decreases in the obese subjects after physical training is mediated through an effect of amino acids on insulin secretion.

Metabolic Aspects of Hypothermia in the Elderly

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Stoner ◽  
K. N. Frayn ◽  
R. A. Little ◽  
C. J. Threlfall ◽  
D. W. Yates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolites ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

1. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, amino acids, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, ketone bodies, insulin and cortisol were measured in 43 elderly patients with hypothermia. In 15 of these patients forearm arteriovenous differences were also measured. Core temperatures ranged from 25.9 to 35.5°C. 2. The metabolic state was of mobilization of glycogen and triacylglycerol stores, with high plasma concentrations of lactate and lipid metabolites. The plasma concentration of glucose was raised in those with hypothermia of a short duration (<6 h). In other patients it was low in those with core temperatures around 30°C, but below this temperature it was variable and often high. Concentrations of other metabolites or hormones were not related to core temperature. 3. Plasma concentrations of cortisol were high and positively correlated with those of lactate and glycerol, suggesting active involvement in stimulation of muscle glycogenolysis and of lipolysis. 4. Plasma concentrations of insulin ranged from very low to very high and appeared to depend on the concentrations of both glucose and alanine. 5. Arteriovenous differences were generally small. There was peripheral release of lactate and of amino acids but no overall peripheral uptake of glucose. In nine out of 15 patients there was a significant peripheral release of glucose. 6. No differences in metabolism were observed between patients where the hypothermia appeared accidental and those with an obvious precipitating illness, despite a significantly lower mortality in the former group. 7. It was concluded that therapy should primarily involve rewarming of patients by physical means, without metabolic intervention.

Toxicological Studies in a Distalgesic Addict

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Flanagan ◽  
J. Strang ◽  
L. F. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Very High

1 The disposition and kinetics of paracetamol, dextropropoxyphene and their metabolites were investigated in an addict who claimed to be taking 80–100 Distalgesic tablets daily regularly. 2 Plasma concentrations of paracetamol, dextropropoxyphene and their principal metabolites were measured after an oral dose of 15 Distalgesic tablets. 3 The absorption of paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene was rapid with peak plasma concentrations at 15 and 30 min respectively. The elimination half-life for paracetamol was 2.3 h. Nordextropropoxyphene remained at steady state with very high plasma concentrations (5 mg/l). The urinary excretion of paracetamol and metabolites was not abnormal. The total recovery of paracetamol was only 31% of the dose. 4 Apart from raised plasma γ-glutamyltransferase activity there was no biochemical evidence for paracetamol-induced hepatocellular damage despite ingestion of 97.5 g of paracetamol over the 11 days of the withdrawal period.

scholarly journals Plasma concentration and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with Covid-19: a short communication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Chouchana ◽  
Sana Boujaafar ◽  
Ines Gana ◽  
Laure-Hélène ◽  
Lucile Regard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reaction ◽  
Drug Reaction ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Off Label ◽  
High Plasma Concentration ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTBackgroundLopinavir/ritonavir has been proposed as off-label treatment for Covid-19, although efficacy have not been proven. It has previously been shown that lopinavir plasma concentration is dramatically increased in inflammatory settings. As Covid-19 may be associated with major inflammation, assessing lopinavir plasma concentration and its safety in Covid-19 patients is essential.MethodsReal-world Covid-19 experience based on a retrospective study.ResultsOf 31 patients treated by lopinavir/ritonavir for Covid-19, we observed very high lopinavir plasma concentrations, increased of 4.6-fold (IQR, 3.6-6.2) with regards to average plasma concentrations in HIV. All except one patient were above the upper limit of the concentration ranges of HIV treatment. About one over four to five patients prematurely stopped treatment mainly secondary an adverse drug reaction related to hepatic or gastrointestinal disorders.ConclusionLopinavir plasma concentrations in patients with moderate to severe Covid-19 were higher than expected, associated with the occurrence of hepatic or gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions. However, owing that high plasma concentration may be required for in vivo antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 as suggested by previous studies, it appears that, in the absence of adverse drug reaction, lopinavir dosage should not be reduced. Cautious is necessary as off-label use can be associated with a new drug safety profile.

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