scholarly journals Modeling the optimal rubber composition using industrial waste

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Madi Abilev ◽  
Almira Zhilkashinova ◽  
Sana Kabdrakhmanova ◽  
Anna Troyeglazova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Optimal Composition ◽  
Complex Composition ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Vulcanization

Due to the complex composition of the rubber compound, the optimization of the formulation for its preparation is a complex process. The experiments required to determine the optimal composition are a multi-step process that requires time and money. The purpose of this article is to use the method of mathematical modeling to determine the optimal composition of a rubber compound with the addition of industrial waste. Sulfur of the Tengiz deposit and metallurgical production slags were used as industrial waste. The Protodyakonov equation was used to derive the generalized equation and check its adequacy. The escaped equations were used to prepare the rubber compound. The process of vulcanization of the mixture with and without the addition of waste was carried out. The kinetics of vulcanization of the optimized mixture has been studied. The optimized composite provides higher minimum and maximum torque levels, shorter initiation times and optimal cure times compared to a blend without additive. Tensile tests have shown that the composition of the rubber compound, selected by the method of mathematical modeling, is not inferior to the standard formulation. The computational model for determining the optimal composition of the rubber compound can be used for research and applied purposes in various industries related to rubber.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Magnesium-Aluminum Composites under High-Pressure Torsion: Atomistic Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6801
Author(s):  
Polina Viktorovna Polyakova ◽  
Julia Alexandrovna Pukhacheva ◽  
Stepan Aleksandrovich Shcherbinin ◽  
Julia Aidarovna Baimova ◽  
Radik Rafikovich Mulyukov
Keyword(s):  
Atomistic Simulation ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Embedded Atom Method ◽  
Interface Bonding ◽  
Embedded Atom ◽  
Interlayer Region ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Loading Scheme

The aluminum–magnesium (Al–Mg) composite materials possess a large potential value in practical application due to their excellent properties. Molecular dynamics with the embedded atom method potentials is applied to study Al–Mg interface bonding during deformation-temperature treatment. The study of fabrication techniques to obtain composites with improved mechanical properties, and dynamics and kinetics of atom mixture are of high importance. The loading scheme used in the present work is the simplification of the scenario, experimentally observed previously to obtain Al–Cu and Al–Nb composites. It is shown that shear strain has a crucial role in the mixture process. The results indicated that the symmetrical atomic movement occurred in the Mg–Al interface during deformation. Tensile tests showed that fracture occurred in the Mg part of the final composite sample, which means that the interlayer region where the mixing of Mg, and Al atoms observed is much stronger than the pure Mg part.

Copolymerization of Isobutene and Isoprene at “High” Temperature with Syncatalyst Systems Based on Aluminum Organic Compounds

1976 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cesca ◽  
M. Bruzzone ◽  
A. Priola ◽  
G. Ferraris ◽  
P. Giusti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Reactivity Ratio ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Vulcanization

Abstract New catalyst systems based on alkylaluminum derivatives and halogen or interhalogen compounds were found highly efficient in the synthesis of high-molecular-weight IIR at temperatures above − 50°C. The reaction mechanism was studied in detail for the system Et2AlCl + Cl2. The reactions occurring between chlorine, isobutene, Et2AlCl, and the solvent (CH3Cl) were elucidated and studied under various experimental conditions (e.g. presence or absence of light, simultaneous presence of the copolymerization system components, temperature, type of halogen, use of model compound of isobutene). It was concluded that halogenium ions, i.e. Cl+, Br+, or I+, are the initiating species. Kinetic and conductometric investigations showed that scarcely dissociated ion pairs, e.g. Cl+[Et2AlCl2]−, were formed in the absence of monomer; but in the presence of isobutene, a noticeable increase of the electrical conductivity and rapid polymerization occurred. The maximum polymerization rate was first order with respect to the concentrations of monomer, Cl2, and Et2AlCl. In the homopolymerization of isobutene, transfer to monomer and termination reactions were negligible. The MW of IIR was found to be mainly dependent on the concentrations of the catalyst components, on isoprene concentration, and on temperature. The reactivity ratio of isobutene with isoprene was found to be r1=2.5±0.5 at −35°C, while the activation energies relative to MW were −5.8 ± 0.4, kcal/mol for polyisobutene, and −5.7 ± 0.7 and − 4.3 ± 0.5 kcal/mol for IIR containing, respectively, 1.3 and 1.9 mol% of isoprene. The evaluation of some physicochemical and technological properties of typical IIR produced with the system Et2AlCl + Cl2, indicated that isoprene is randomly distributed along the chains and that the MWD is monomodal, while the glass transition temperature, tensile properties, mechanical-dynamic spectra, and kinetics of vulcanization are very similar to those of commercial IIR. Very preliminary data, referring to several classes of new catalyst systems yielding IIR having good properties, were also obtained. The syncatalyst systems here described can work in a homogeneous phase consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon besides methyl chloride, still giving IIR with high MW. Therefore, a completely homogeneous process can be envisioned for the synthesis of IIR at −50°C thus avoiding a great part of the fouling problems of the slurry process. The economic advantage of using “high” temperatures of polymerization is briefly discussed in terms of energy savings.

Vulcanization of Elastomers. 23. The Chemical Kinetics of Vulcanization Reactions and The Physical Properties of The Vulcanizates. I

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Walter Scheele ◽  
Karl-Heinz Hillmer
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
First Order ◽  
Equilibrium Swelling ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Vulcanization ◽  
Limiting Value ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract As a complement to earlier investigations, and in order to examine more closely the connection between the chemical kinetics and the changes with vulcanization time of the physical properties in the case of vulcanization reactions, we used thiuram vulcanizations as an example, and concerned ourselves with the dependence of stress values (moduli) at different degrees of elongation and different vulcanization temperatures. We found: 1. Stress values attain a limiting value, dependent on the degree of elongation, but independent of the vulcanization temperature at constant elongation. 2. The rise in stress values with the vulcanization time is characterized by an initial delay, which, however, is practically nonexistent at higher temperatures. 3. The kinetics of the increase in stress values with vulcanization time are both qualitatively and quantitatively in accord with the dependence of the reciprocal equilibrium swelling on the vulcanization time; both processes, after a retardation, go according to the first order law and at the same rate. 4. From the temperature dependence of the rate constants of reciprocal equilibrium swelling, as well as of the increase in stress, an activation energy of 22 kcal/mole can be calculated, in good agreement with the activation energy of dithiocarbamate formation in thiuram vulcanizations.

Mathematical modeling of hot-air drying kinetics of red bell pepper (var. Lamuyo)

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1460-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vega ◽  
P. Fito ◽  
A. Andrés ◽  
R. Lemus
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Kinetics Of

Alkaline Activated Material as the Adsorbent for Uptake of High Concentration of Zinc from Wastewater

2016 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Gruskevica ◽  
Girts Bumanis ◽  
Kristina Tihomirova ◽  
Diana Bajare ◽  
Tālis Juhna
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Cementitious Material ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Complex Composition ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
Post Industrial

The use of wastes for developing of new materials is a sustainable approach. In current study filter media produced from industrial waste was tested for an ability to decrease high concentration of zinc in standard solution and industrial wastewater. The geopolymer production requires mixing of post-industrial waste with naturally occurred aluminosilicate materials by using binding agent at the ambient or slightly increased temperature in order to produce a long lasting eco-friendly cementitious material. The tested media decreased concentration of zinc in standard solution from 72,9 to 19,6 mg/L in 30 min showing similar performance as commercially available zeolite material. In experiments with wastewater the adsorption of Zn by AAM was much lower, which can be explained by the fact that wastewater contained generous amounts of different metal ions, organic substances and oils. Despite complex composition of wastewater AAM was able to immobilize at minimum 22 mg/L (32%) Zn from the solution.

Mathematical Modeling of Controlled-Release Kinetics of Herbicides in a Dynamic-Water-Bath System

2001 ◽  
pp. 563-574
Author(s):  
Félix M. Pereira ◽  
Adilson R. Gonçalves ◽  
André Ferraz ◽  
Flávio T. Silva ◽  
Samuel C. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals The effect of loading frequency on the cyclic mechanical behavior of polyethylene

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Thao Song Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Nhung Thi Tuyet Le
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Hysteresis Loop ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Loading Frequency ◽  
Ratcheting Strain ◽  
Accumulated Strain ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

An experimental investigation into ratcheting strain and stress-strain hysteresis loop in stress-controlled cyclic tensile tests at room temperature was performed to determine the effect of loading frequency on the cyclic mechanical behavior of highdensity polyethylene (HDPE). It was found that frequencies ranging from 0.01 Hz up to 1 Hz mostly affects the accumulated strain over related time scales (i.e that of the cycle itself) and not over long time scale (i.e. during the full test). In addition, the higher the frequency is, the more closed and vertical the loops are. Furthermore, the frequency affects only on the kinetics of stabilization of ratcheting strain but not on one of hysteresis loop.

Studies in the Vulcanization of Rubber. IV—A Theory of Vulcanization of Rubber

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-667
Author(s):  
G. R. Boggs ◽  
J. T. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Joule Effect ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Chemical Theory ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Vulcanization

Abstract A new theory has been advanced which, it is believed, explains completely the various phenomena connected with the vulcanization of rubber. It is entirely a chemical theory based on the existence of two separate and distinct rubber compounds, soft vulcanized rubber and ebonite. The theory explains satisfactorily the aging of rubber, the variation in combined sulfur at optimum cure caused by acceleration, the kinetics of vulcanization, the characteristics of various vulcanizing agents, the thermochemistry of vulcanization, the electrical properties of rubber, the reclaiming of rubber, and the Joule effect. A brief review and discussion of the phenomena and past theories of vulcanization have also been given.

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