Civil laws and cases

2013 ◽  
pp. 145-173
Author(s):  
Chang Wang ◽  
Nathan H. Madson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Laws

Rural Development and Employment through Skill Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purnendu Kumar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Economy ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Current Status ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Civil Laws

India has around 600,000 villages with around 64% of its 1.3 billion people living in them. It is absurd to imagine growth without the country-side growing as fast as India's towns and cities. This nation has one of the largest pools of unskilled labor waiting to be trained and utilized. In the absence of proper training, awareness and motivation, it is commonplace for the rural unemployed youth to adopt alternative means of livelihood, many of which are shunned by civil laws. Through this paper the author wishes to throw some light on the importance of Skill Development programs, their current status, the gap that exists between the demand and supply of skilled labor and how employability of rural youth is enhanced by imparting skill oriented training to them. Finally, the paper also emphasizes on how skilled and employable youth contribute to overall development of a rural economy in particular and the nation in general. Data has been gathered from reliable secondary sources. On assumed lines, it was also concluded that the need of the hour for India is to aggressively pursue innovative government programs like Skill India and Make in India so that by the turn of the decade, close to half of the projected eligible population could be employed in various state-run schemes, private organizations. Entrepreneurship is also an outcome of innovative skill development that has immense potential for employment and thus, development of the rural landscape. The paper limits itself to the schemes launched by the respective state governments and central governments thus leaving room for improvement as far as measures taken by privately owned organizations and NGOs are concerned.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF CONTRACT FORM REQUIREMENTS BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
O. S. Grin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Model Law ◽  
Civil Laws ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Contract Form

The article deals with the main issues of improving the Russian civil laws concerning the form of transaction the majority of which are associated with the adoption of the Federal Law of March 18, 2019, No. 34-FZ «On Amendments to Parts I, II and Article 1124 of Part III of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.» The adoption of amendments mentioned above was preconditioned by the implementation of the federal project «Normative Regulation of the Digital Environment» within the framework of the National Program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation.» The author highlights similarity of approaches perceived by the Russian law-maker with the provisions of international instruments, in particular the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce of 1996 and the UN Convention on «The Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts» 2005. It is concluded that, as a result of transformation of requirements for the form of contracts, 2 main variations of written form (a single document signed by the parties, and exchange of documents) and 2 basic fictions of this form (accepting by conduct of a written offer and making a transaction by electronic or other technical means) have been approved.

Of civil laws and their execution.

2008 ◽  
pp. 304-316
Author(s):  
Francis Hutcheson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Laws

Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republic of Iran

2019 ◽  
pp. 306-309
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Ayatollah Khomeini ◽  
The Government ◽  
Civil Laws

Iran’s experience of Islamic criminal law is closely connected with Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution of 1979. A new constitution and a set of criminal and civil laws were introduced in the early 1980s and eventually culminated in introduction of the Islamic Penal Code 2013. This chapter provides an overview of that code and its provisions on Islamic punishments, the controversies it has generated, and how the legislative bodies and the government took measures to address them.

The Laws of Nature Are the Laws of God in Leviathan

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
A.P. Martinich
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Civil Laws ◽  
Technical Terms

The standard interpretation that the laws of nature in Leviathan are not laws because he calls them theorems is mistaken. The theorems, or “dictates of reason,” are the propositions that Hobbes proves. But they need the force of a command to be, as he says “properly called Lawes.” Hobbes uses reason to prove them, and reason is the “undoubted word of God.” The author argues against John Deigh’s ingenious defense of the standard view. Deigh maintains that words in phrases that are technical terms do not retain their meaning outside of the phrase. But if that were true, then “civil laws” and “natural liberty” would not be laws or liberty respectively. Also, if they were not laws, Hobbes’s division of two kinds of law, civil and natural, would be absurd.

scholarly journals LA TEORIA MONETARIA DELL’ILLUMINISMO LOMBARDO

2011 ◽  
pp. 193-240
Author(s):  
Alberto Quadrio Curzio ◽  
Roberto Scazzieri
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Policy Proposal ◽  
Monetary Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cesare Beccaria ◽  
Civil Laws ◽  
The Relationship

The Monetary Theory of the Lombard Enlightenment. The relationship. between economic arrangements and administrative decisions is at the core of the contributions of the Lombard economists of the eighteenth century, and it is also the main focus of this essay. Here, we wish to emphasize the importance of the history of ideas and of the history of facts in view of theory formulation and policy proposal within a framework of political economy. Theory must serve, together with history, to the governance of institutions aimed at the orderly working of economies and markets. The relationship. between economics and administration is at the root of the Milanese discussions on monetary policy that took place in the 1760s, and to which both Cesare Beccaria and Pietro Verri contributed. The interest of these discussions is twofold. On the one hand, as John Hicks pointed out, monetary disturbances throw light on the nature of money and on the problems monetary theory must address in moving from one context to another. On the other hand, monetary disturbances are important in highlighting the linkages between monetary theory and the governance of money in specific historical contexts. The writings of the Lombard Enlightenment economists are a case in point. For the Milanese monetary controversy highlights important theoretical issues concerning the governance of ‘imaginary money’, while also emphasizing the specific features of a context characterized by the integration between monetary and physical transfers on the international, and particularly European, scale. This controversy calls attention to monetary disturbances as triggers of change in monetary theory, but it also calls attention to the role of historical and institutional context in determining whether a given monetary policy may be effective or not. Monetary crises may trigger important developments in theory. At the same time, the crises highlight the objective character of structural conditions, which cannot be either unwillingly disregarded or deliberately violated. It is the task of the political economist to identify ‘a correct set of “economic laws” through the analysis of phenomena’, and outline on their basis ‘civil laws for the governance of the economy’(Quadrio Curzio). Section one of this essay (‘Monetary Disorders and Monetary Theory: A Premise’) outlines a conceptual framework for discussing the relationship. between theory, policy and historical context. Section Two (‘Economic Laws and Civil Laws’) discusses the monetary contributions of Cesare Beccaria and Pietro Verri and investigates the link between the structural properties of that ‘very delicate and complex device’ (Einaudi) that is the specific matter of monetary policy, and the civil or administrative laws and governmental decisions though which monetary policy comes into effect. Section Three (‘Monetary Theory and the Fundamental Ideas of Political Economy’) examines the links between the structure of economic systems as systems of interdependence among productive sectors and the structure of monetary systems as ‘systems of governance’ of that interdependence. Section Four (‘The Problem of “Debasement”; Monetary Disturbance and Real Standards’) focuses on the monetary controversy that triggered Beccaria’s and Verri’s contributions, and examines their attempt to identify a real standard for determining the relative value of the different currencies used for transactions on European markets. Section Five (‘Political Economy, Monetary Systems and the Practice of Monetary Policy’) considers possible developments of Beccaria’s and Verri’s contributions for what concerns the distinction between money as standard of measurement and money as means of payment. Section Six (‘Concluding Remarks’) draws the essay to close by discussing the integration between general principles of political economy and specific characteristics of ‘local’ context to be found in the monetary discussions of the Lombard Enlightenment.

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