scholarly journals Morphometry of Cortical Neurons in Acute Clozapine and Ethanol Poisoning

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
A. R. Bashirova ◽  
D. V. Sundukov ◽  
A. S. Babkina ◽  
M. A. Golubev ◽  
I. N. Telipov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Ethanol Level ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Ethanol Poisoning ◽  
Blood Ethanol Level

The aim of the study is to summarize the histology and morphometry of cortical neurons in acute clozapine and ethanol poisoning.Material and methods. Histological examination of the parietal cortical brain samples of 26 patients died during the Day 1 of acute clozapine and ethanol poisoning (23 males and 3 females aged 22-63 years) was performed. The blood ethanol level was 1.4-4.1%o. The level of clozapine in the blood ranged between 0.24 and 5.8 mg%, in the liver between 0.097 and 6.5 mg%, in kidneys between 0.03 and 3.5 mg%. The cortical samples for morphometric examination were placed in 10% neutral paraformaldehyde, the histological sections were done and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as according to Niessl. The morphological analysis was performed using the video light microscopy. The number of damaged neurons (with separate quantification of reversible, intermediate, and irreversible damage) was assessed. The statistical analysis was done using the non-parametric methods.Results. The signs of brain neuronal damage in acute clozapine and ethanol poisoning, as well as forensic chemical tests, might be used for establishing the direct cause of death.

scholarly journals Reelin and cofilin cooperate during the migration of cortical neurons: a quantitative morphological analysis

Development ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejun Chai ◽  
Shanting Zhao ◽  
Li Fan ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Morphological Analysis

scholarly journals Grammatical taboos

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Aesthetic Judgement ◽  
Explorative Study ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Non Parametric

Abstract This explorative study focuses on grammatical taboos in German, morphosyntactic constructions which are subject to stigmatisation, as they regularly occur in standard languages. They are subjected to systematic experimental testing in a questionnaire study with gradient rating scales on two salient and two non-salient grammatical taboo phenomena of German. The study is divided into three subexperiments with different judgement types, an aesthetic judgement, a norm-oriented judgement and the sort of possibility judgement that comes closest to linguists’ understanding of grammar. Included in the investigated material are also examples of ordinary gradient grammaticality: unmarked, marked and ungrammatical sentences. The empirical characteristics of grammatical taboos are compared to those ordinary cases with the finding that they are rated at the level of markedness, but differ from ordinary markedness in that they produce a different pattern of between-subject variance. In addition, we find that grammatical taboos have a particular disadvantage under the aesthetic judgement type. The paper also introduces the concept of empirical grammaticality as a necessary theoretical cornerstone for empirical linguistics. Methodically, the study applies a mix of parametric and non-parametric methods of statistical analysis.

scholarly journals Combination of mild hypothermia with neuroprotectants has greater neuroprotective effects during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-mediated neuronal injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ya Gao ◽  
Jian-Ou Huang ◽  
Ya-Fang Hu ◽  
Yong Gu ◽  
Shu-Zhen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Mild Hypothermia ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Neuronal Injury ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Oxygen Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway

Abstract Co-treatment of neuroprotective reagents may improve the therapeutic efficacy of hypothermia in protecting neurons during ischemic stroke. This study aimed to find promising drugs that enhance the neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia (MH). 26 candidate drugs were selected based on different targets. Primary cultured cortical neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) to induce neuronal damage, followed by either single treatment (a drug or MH) or a combination of a drug and MH. Results showed that, compared with single treatment, combination of MH with brain derived neurotrophic factor, glibenclamide, dizocilpine, human urinary kallidinogenase or neuroglobin displayed higher proportion of neuronal cell viability. The latter three drugs also caused less apoptosis rate in combined treatment. Furthermore, co-treatment of those three drugs and MH decreased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium accumulation, as well as stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), indicating the combined neuroprotective effects are probably via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Taken together, the study suggests that combined treatment with hypothermia and certain neuroprotective reagents provide a better protection against OGD/R-induced neuronal injury.

scholarly journals Brain Morphological Changes in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Babkina ◽  
Arkady M. Golubev ◽  
Irina V. Ostrova ◽  
Alexei V. Volkov ◽  
Artem N. Kuzovlev
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Neuronal Nuclei ◽  
Brain Material ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

The aim of the study was to identify the pathomorphology of brain damage in patients who died of COVID-19.Material and methods. Autopsy reports and autopsy brain material of 17 deceased patients with pre-mortem confirmed COVID-19 infection were analyzed. Fatal cases in which COVID19 was the major cause of death were included in the study. Five people were diagnosed with cerebral infarction. Organ samples were taken for histological examination during autopsy. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by Nissl to assess brain histopathology. To study the vascular basal membranes the PAS reaction was used, to detect fibrin in vessels phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) staining was used, to determine DNA in nuclei sections were stained according to Feulgen, to detect RNA in neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm sections were stained with methyl green-pyronin. Immunohistochemical study of a neuronal marker, nuclear protein NeuN, was performed to assess neuronal damage.Results. The signs of neuronal damage found in patients who died of COVID-19 included nonspecific changes of nerve cells (acute swelling, retrograde degeneration, karyolysis and cytolysis, ‘ghost' cells, neuronophagia and satellitosis) and signs of circulatory disorders (perivascular and pericellular edema, diapedesis, congested and engorged microvasculature).Conclusion. Brain histopathological data indicate damage to the central nervous system in COVID-19 patients. Ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 is mostly caused by a combination of hypoxia resulting from respiratory failure and individual risk factors, including cerebrovascular atherosclerosis and hypertension.

scholarly journals Cognitive impairment associated with COVID-19: a literature review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Pereira Garcia ◽  
Alice Campos Meneses ◽  
Ana Karolinne Cruz Cavalcante ◽  
Caroline Rodrigues de Morais ◽  
Gabriel Dias Henz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Irreversible Damage

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is capable of causing neurological symptoms of the CNS in addition to respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Early knowledge of the possible cognitive functions compromised by the infection will allow the health system to anticipate and create measures to minimize irreversible damage. Objectives: to analyze the cognitive impairment associated with COVID-19, taking into account its pathophysiological mechanisms and their short and long-term consequences. Methods: Narrative review of 62 articles, based on an active search on the PubMed, Google Scholar, Jama and American Academy of Neurology research platforms. Results: Cognitive impairment can be present both during and after infection. The main risk factors for cognitive impairments in the short term are: other neurological symptoms (headache, anosmia, dysgeusia); diarrhea and oxygen therapy. The main cognitive functions affected were memory, attention, executive functions (mental flexibility) and language (semantic and phonetic fluency) associated with anxiety and depression. The factors that contribute to long-term cognitive decline are: previous cognitive weakness (comorbidities); the inflammatory process of COVID-19 with pulmonary (hypoxia), vascular (ischemia), neurological (neuronal damage) and hospitalization (sedation, isolation, delirium). The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to coronavirus infections. Conclusion: Short-term and long-term cognitive impairment associated with COVID-19 may be related to the increased likelihood of cognitive impairment, as well as the acceleration of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Follow-up with neuropsychological assessments of these patients and epidemiological studies are necessary to analyze this impact and to create prevention and treatment programs.

Down-Regulation of Nogo-A and PirB in Ischemic Cortex with Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Y ◽  
◽  
Wang J ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effect of Limb Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (LRIP) on the expression of Nogo-A and PirB in the cortex of mice with focal cerebral ischemia, and related pathways involving in axonal regeneration and neurological function recovery after cerebral ischemia. Methods: Adult male C57/BL6 mice were divided into sham-operated (sham), transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO), LRIP and anti- PirBAb treatment group. Samples were collected 48h after cerebral ischemia. The histopathologic changes were assessed by 1,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC), and Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining and TUNEL method. The expression of Nogo-A and PirB were determined by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. Results: TTC staining showed that LRIP treatment reduced the infarct size of mice and anti-PirBAb treatment further decline the infarct size, which was accompanied with the decline of neurological deficit score and reduction of neuronal damage. LRIP treatment also reduced the TUNEL positive cells induced by MCAO and anti-PirBAb treatment further strengthened the effect of LRIP. Except sham group, the expressions of Nogo-A and PirB in other three groups all increased with varying degrees, among which MCAO group was the highest, LRIP group was the second and the anti-PirBAb group was the lowest. The expressions of growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) showed opposite tendency. Conclusions: LRIP plays beneficial influence on cerebral ischemia. LRIP and PirB inhibition combination has a better protective effect on nervous system after cerebral ischemia in mice.

scholarly journals An R Package Implementation for Statistical Modeling of Emergence Curves in Weed Science

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (18) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Daniel Barreiro-Ures ◽  
Ricardo Cao ◽  
Mario Francisco-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
R Package ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Weed Science ◽  
Science Data

Over the last few years, the research group MODES has carried out a research line (in collaboration with researchers from the Sustainable Agriculture Institute of the CSIC in Córdoba) on statistical modeling in weed science. One of the aspects dealt with in this line is that of the estimation of the so-called emergence curves from data obtained from field studies. In this context, new indices have been developed for hydrothermal times, new nonparametric methods have been proposed, which have been compared with other existing parametric methods and applied to relevant pests. In this context, the objective pursued was the development of an R package that can be useful for the statistical analysis of weed science data and, in particular, for the estimation of emergence curves. Currently, the package is available in the CRAN and it is intended to become a standard of use among the research community in weed science.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-223 protects neurons from degeneration in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Morquette ◽  
Camille A. Juźwik ◽  
Sienna S. Drake ◽  
Marc Charabati ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Cns Inflammation ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. Neuronal degeneration and death underlie progressive forms of MS and cognitive dysfunction. Neuronal damage is triggered by numerous harmful factors in the brain that engage diverse signalling cascades in neurons thus therapeutic approaches to protect neurons will need to focus on agents that can target broad biological processes. To target the broad spectrum of signaling events that mediate neurodegeneration in MS we have focused on non-coding small microRNAs (miRNAs). microRNAs are epigenetic regulators of protein expression, targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and inhibiting their translation. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been described in many neurodegenerative diseases including MS. In this study we identified two miRNAs, miR-223-3p and miR-27a-3p, that were upregulated in neurons in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of CNS inflammation and in active MS lesions. Overexpression of miR-27a-3p or miR-223-3p protected dissociated cortical neurons from degeneration in response to peripheral blood mononuclear cell conditioned media (PBMC-CM). Introduction of miR-223-3p in vivo in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) protected RGC axons from degeneration in the EAE model. By in silico analysis we found that mRNAs in the glutamate receptor (GluR) pathway are enriched in miR-27a-3p and miR-223-3p targets. Antagonism of the GluR pathway protected neurons from PBMC-CM-dependent degeneration. Our results suggest that miR-223-3p and miR-27a-3p are upregulated in response to inflammation to mediate a compensatory neuroprotective gene expression program that desensitizes neurons to glutamate by downregulating mRNAs involved in GluR signalling.

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