scholarly journals Tautinių mažumų apsauga kaip pozityvios diskriminacijos pavyzdys

Teisė ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Eduard Mažul
Keyword(s):  
Individual Rights ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
History Of Europe

Straipsnyje aptariama diskriminacijos ir pozityvios diskriminacijos teisinė samprata, taip pat analizuo­jama socialinė pozityvios diskriminacijos prigimtis. Remiantis teisės, kaip subjektinių teisių ir pareigų vienovės, samprata, į tautinių mažumų apsaugą bandoma žvelgti kaip į pozityvios diskriminacijos pa­vyzdį. Straipsnyje taip pat trumpai aptariama tautinių mažumų įtaka Europos istorijai bei apžvelgiama tautinių mažumų apsaugos raida. Be to, analizuojamos svarbiausios teorinės problemos, susijusios su tautinių mažumų apsauga, taip pat šios apsaugos tikslai ir ribos. Article discusses the legal conception of discrimination and positive discrimination along with the social nature of positive discrimination. Referring to the conception of law that describes the law as a unity of individual rights and duties, protection of national minorities is analyzed as an example of positive discrimination. Article also briefly reviews the influence of national minorities on the history of Europe and reviews the evolution of protection of national minorities. The main theoretic problems concerning protection of minorities along with the aims and extent of this protection are revealed too.

scholarly journals Introduction: Some ponderings on the use of the law in the writing of histories

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
NIMROD HURVITZ ◽  
EDWARD FRAM
Keyword(s):  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Partial Reconstruction ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Hours ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Professional jurists are often inquisitive about the subject matter of their calling and in the course of their careers may well develop fascinating insights into the law and those who interpret it. Their employers, however, be they governments, corporations, firms, or private clients, rarely show similar enthusiasm for such insights unless the hours spent pondering the social or historical significance of this or that legal view have a contemporary value that justifies the lawyer's fee.Thankfully, other members of society are rewarded for mining the legal records of the past. For legal historians, the search often focuses on the changing legal ideas and how legal doctrine develops over time to meet the changing needs of societies. Yet because the law generally deals with concrete matters – again, because jurists are paid by people who are unlikely to remunerate those who simply while away their hours making up legal cases – it offers a reservoir of information that can be used, albeit with caution, in fields other than just the history of the law.A partial reconstruction of the law of any given time and place is among the more obvious historical uses of legal documents but statutes, practical decisions, and even theoretical texts can be used to advance other forms of the historical endeavour. Legal works often reflect the values both of jurists and society-at-large, for while the law creates social values it is not immune to changes in these very values.

scholarly journals Historical stages in the formation of the scientific knowledge system in a theoretical and methodological context

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Leonid Griffen ◽  
Nadiia Ryzheva ◽  
Dmytro Nefodov ◽  
Lyudmila Hryashchevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Object Of Study

Current tendencies question the role of science in modern society, force returning to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter was complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the knowledge about the objective world has been acquired and used in various, historically necessary forms – both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematisation, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The accumulation of knowledge took place in different ways: in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of supposedly “foreign” contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on an object of study (experiment) with their different “specific weight” at different historical stages. As for the systematisation, the need for which was determined by systemic nature of an object of knowledge and the social nature of knowledge, throughout the history of mankind its forms differed considerably, but, in the end, were reduced to three main ones. 

Unionization, Strikes, Threatened Strikes, and Hospitals—The View from Hospital Management

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Match ◽  
Arnold H. Goldstein ◽  
Harold L. Light
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Union Organizing ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Third Party Reimbursement

The history of union organizing efforts in the hospital field is discussed in this article, along with the factors judged necessary for successful union organizing. The role played by labor legislation in the unionization of hospital workers is shown, and the influences of the National Labor Relations Act, the Taft-Hartley amendments, and labor legislation at the local level are described. Management has largely resisted unionization because of the social nature of hospitals. Competitive market forces do not confront the not-for-profit hospitals, which are dependent upon third-party reimbursement. While strikes are an integral and essential part of collective bargaining in industry, they are, in fact, detrimental to hospitals because of these institutions' concern with human life. Despite laws and assurances from labor leaders that strikes will not occur, strikes have been used as a method for resolving disputes, though they are basically inconsistent with the economic characteristics and objectives of the hospital. The authors conclude that arbitration awards should be made by arbitrators appointed from outside of the local region of the hospital involved, and that, because of the catastrophic effect of strikes upon patients as well as employees, arbitration awards should be required, should be binding upon both parties, and should be federally enforced.

scholarly journals On the Social Nature of Linguistic Prescriptions

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Marcin Miłkowski
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Speech Corpora ◽  
History Of ◽  
Revision Histories ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Revision History

Abstract The paper proposes an empirical method to investigate linguistic prescriptions as inherent corrective behaviors. The behaviors in question may but need not necessarily be supported by any explicit knowledge of rules. It is possible to gain insight into them, for example by extracting information about corrections from revision histories of texts (or by analyzing speech corpora where users correct themselves or one another). One easily available source of such information is the revision history of Wikipedia. As is shown, the most frequent and short corrections are limited to linguistic errors such as typos (and editorial conventions adopted in Wikipedia). By perusing an automatically generated revision corpus, one gains insight into the prescriptive nature of language empirically. At the same time, the prescriptions offered are not reducible to descriptions of the most frequent linguistic use.

Social Process and the Assessment of a New Imaging Technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart S. Blume
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

AbstractEach group involved in the development of a new medical technology constantly assesses the value of the emergent technique in terms of the group’s own specific goals and conventions. The history of infrared thermography demonstrates the social nature of this assessment process.

scholarly journals Leon Wasilewski at the Treaty of Riga Negotiations: to the Centenary of the Peace of Riga (1921)

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Iuliia Vialova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Real State

The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Riga (1921), discussions about the significance of which do not stop today. What significance did this treaty have for the history of Europe, and especially for its political architecture of the interwar period? What were the consequences of this agreement for Poles, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians? Estimated of the agreement signed a hundred years ago still differ – some believe that the document then established the borders of Poland almost within the Second Partition of Poland (1793) was the defeat of the then Polish elite, others – that it was an expression of the real state of affairs. This article focuses on the course of Polish-Soviet negotiations during the signing of the treaty, the struggle within the Polish delegation between supports of two state geopolitical concepts (National Democracy “incorporative” and “federal” J. Pilsudski) and establishment of the Eastern border of the Polish state. The well-known Polish diplomat and politician Leon Wasilewski played one of the key roles during these negotiations, and the study of his activities will help to clarify several controversial points during the negotiations. The Treaty of Riga (1921) put an end to the Polish-Bolshevik war, defined the Polish border in the East and the same time cancelled the Petliura-Pilsudski Agreement, which testified to the defeat of the federalist program of J. Pilsudski. Further, the Polish government’s policy towards national minorities later proved to be almost discriminatory, weakening the Polish state from within. For Ukraine and Belarus, this agreement proved to be a national catastrophe, depriving them of the prospects of statehood. This peace can be called a “situational compromise”, which in the short term solved the problem of ending the war, but did not solve any of the geopolitical problems of Poland: neither guaranteed security nor guaranteed the stability of Poland’s Eastern border. The violation of this peace by Soviet Russia was a matter of time, as it happened in 1939

The Oxford Handbook of Charles Dickens

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
The Other ◽  
British History ◽  
Industrial Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Modernity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
History Of Empire

The Oxford Handbook of Charles Dickens is the most comprehensive and up-to-date collection of essays on Dickens’s life and works yet published. It includes original articles on all of Dickens’s writing and new considerations of his contexts, from the social, political, and economic to the scientific, commercial, and religious. Contributors speak in new ways about his depictions of families, the environmental degradation and improvements of the industrial age, the law, charity, and communications. His treatment of gender, his mastery of prose in all its varieties and genres, and his range of affects and dramatization all come under stimulating reconsideration. And his understanding of British history, of empire and colonization, of his own nation and foreign ones, and of selfhood and otherness, like all the other topics, is explained in terms easy to comprehend and profoundly relevant to global modernity.

Some Reflections on the Pre-Industrial City

Urban History ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Burke
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tribal Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
The City

In the last few years, a new word has gained popularity among historians: ‘pre-industrial’. Specialists in the social and economic history of Europe before 1800 have become increasingly aware that the object of their studies is simply one case among others of what sociologists call ‘traditional society’, and that it is easier to understand traditional or pre-industrial Europe if it is compared and contrasted with other societies of this type. Thus Keith Thomas and Alan Macfarlane have illuminated English witchcraft by making comparisons with witchcraft in African tribal societies, while Frédéric Mauro and Witold Kula, among others, have compared the economies of early modern Europe with those of the developing countries today. Even Richard Cobb, no great friend to the social sciences, has recorded that he came to understand eighteenth-century Paris better after visiting contemporary Calcutta. In fact, the city is an obvious and splendidly tangible unit of comparison, and it is not surprising that the term ‘pre-industrial city’ is passing into general use.

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