The role of land use in climate change – from CO2 source to cost-efficient mitigation

The present studies focus on the land use contributions to industrial-age carbon emissions and future abatement potentials. A practicable estimation scheme is presented to transparently identify the driving terms behind past emissions and future mitigation possibilities. Regarding the major emissions sources, 10 % of total present CO2 emissions are possible in tail of primary forest clearing outside of wood consumption; 3 % are attributed to desertification and peat cultivation; on the opposite, 5 % are counteracted by sequestration from forest gain. Regarding mitigation, prudent land use has the potential to reduce more than 50 % of all present anthropogenic emissions at approximate zero costs. Prerequisite is that biomass be considered a scarce resource and therefore, carefully supported and solely used in high-efficiency applications.

Digitalization and Urbanization

The business world is transforming into digitalization. To stay modest and appropriate, it has become necessary to adopt digitalization. The construction industry is entirely ready for the opportunity that will come through digitalization. Currently, we are in the finishing days of the industrial age. With this advanced revolution, the future will be reshaped in two trends: digitalization and urbanization. At the starting of the 19th century when the industrial revolution was in full bloom, a small amount of the population was living in the cities. As it has been for thousands of years, the world is still rural and agricultural.

Impact of The Advancement of Functional Value on Digital Media for Students in the Industrial Era 4.0

The problem of the functional value advancement on digital media resulted in increased competitiveness in the face of the current industrial era 4.0. Prospective professionals are also required to have knowledge and abilities that can compete in the current industrial era 4.0. The new chapter of industry 4.0 also has a significant impact, especially in work. One of them is the number of abilities or skills that must be owned by the community, especially students, to get a job. However, many students find it challenging to find work in today's digital and industrial age. They also have minimal experience and knowledge in utilizing digital media. The purpose of this research is to find out more about the reasons for utilizing the advancement of the functional value of digital media along with the impact and results of the advancement of the functional value of digital media for students in facing the current industrial era 4.0. The authors used questionnaires, observations, and online literature studies to obtain the data needed and used them as references by comparing, analyzing, and matching before completing the study. The study used Miles and Huberman qualitative data analysis. The data obtained will be analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that in the research sample, namely students of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences batch 2020 Universitas Airlangga, the advancement of the functional value of digital media had had a positive impact and results. Both in increasing the skills needed in the competition of the industrial era 4.0 and obtaining information and opportunities for students to participate in internships, volunteers, and others that support the improvement of experience.

Implementing a project-based collaborative learning approach using PowerPoint to improve students’ 21st- century skills

In this industrial age, skills required in most jobs are 21st-century skills. The current study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between implementing project-based collaborative learning using PowerPoint and improving students’ 21st-century skills from the students’ perspectives. It also examines whether there is a significant relationship between students’ attitudes toward learning collaboratively using PowerPoint to improve their 21st-century skills and their major. The participants of the study were 75 female students enrolled in an Educational Technology and Means course at Najran University. The findings revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between implementing a project-based collaborative learning approach using PowerPoint and improving the students’ 21st-century skills, r (74) = 0.74 and p < 0.05. Additionally, the findings demonstrated that 21st-century skills improved the most through “actively collaborating with others” (M = 4.6, SD = 0.56). Additionally, there was no significant difference in students’ attitudes toward learning collaboratively using PowerPoint to improve their 21st-century skills in terms of human studies or scientific studies majors, t (37) = 1.97 and p > 0.05. The findings demonstrate that more research is required on the role of higher education in developing meaningful technology-based strategies to improve students’ 21st-century skills in learning environments.

Range Sizes of the World’s Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians from the Mid-Holocene to the Industrial Period

Anthropogenic land use and climate change in the Industrial age have had substantial impacts on the geographic ranges of the world’s terrestrial animal species. How do these impacts compare against those in the millennia preceding the Industrial era? Here, we combine reconstructions of global climate and land use from 6000 BCE to 1850 CE with empirical data on the spatial distributions and habitat requirements of 16,919 mammal, bird, and amphibian species to estimate changes in their range sizes through time. We find that land use had only a small, yet almost entirely negative impact during most of the study period, whilst natural climatic variability led to some range expansions and contractions; but, overall it had a small impact on the majority of species. Our results provide a baseline for comparison with studies of range changes during the Industrial period, demonstrating that contemporary rates of range loss exceed the magnitude of range changes seen over many thousands of years prior to the Industrial period by an alarming extent.

1. The rise of the short story

‘The rise of the short story’ discusses the rise of the short story from the Industrial Age, which occurred largely in the context of British and American print culture. That development traces a long arc from the establishment of the genre as a staple of 19th-century newspapers and magazines to its autonomy as a mode of literature viewed on the same level as the novel. In the 19th century, the short story catered to the taste of growing readerships for entertainment. Moreover, its brevity and easy supply appealed to editors. Ultimately, the form was shaped critically by the literary marketplace.

Maelzel, the Metronome, and the Modern Mechanics of Musical Time

Johann Nepomuk Maelzel, despite being most recognized today for inventing the clockwork metronome, was one of the most famous automata showmen of the nineteenth century. This chapter begins by offering a reception history of Maelzel, the metronome, and his automata, and exploring the cultural significances underlying his clockwork creations across the Industrial Age. As numerous accounts maintain, Maelzel’s automata projected decidedly inhuman performance practices. His automata emblematized a machine culture that ran in direct opposition to the subjective ‘artistry’ championed by many skilled performers and composers over the century. This study subsequently addresses the discord between Maelzel’s age and ours regarding the values of musical time and performance practices: those metronomic qualities largely rejected by Maelzel’s musical contemporaries are often vehemently endorsed today by many professional musicians and educators who apply mechanically precise tempos and rhythms to all musical repertoires. This history ultimately confronts the veiled ‘metronome mentality’ found throughout contemporary performance culture, which neglects many musical-temporal aesthetics and rhythmic qualities from a pre-industrial, pre-metronomic past.

"“The climbing boys” and the English society in the Industrial age: public pressure and legislative changes"

The practice of the climbing boys in the business of sweeping chimneys was spread in England during the Industrial Age (18th - 19th c.). The question of boys’ exploitation is part of the problem of child labour, but it precedes and outlives the overall child exploitation in the factories and mines. This is a sphere where the English society demonstrates conservatism and reluctance to change the attitude to the children of the poor families. The needed legislation was postponed and cost several generations of miserable and deprived boys, losing their health, and often their lives in the chimneys of the rich owners of buildings and mansions. The compassion of some citizens was not enough to convince the lawmakers that the life of children was more valuable than their houses. This was the main topic of the discussions between the lords and the reformers in the Parliament. The struggle for the protection of the climbing boys started in the late 18th c. and is considered successfully finished with the Act of 1875.