ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: THE HISTORY AND ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES IN CATTLE (review)

The birth of Dolly the sheep in 1996 elicited a tsunami of commentaries, both in the popular media and academic journals, including responses to the prospect of human reproductive cloning. Much of the anxiety expressed over this imagined consequence of Dolly’s genesis revealed fundamental concerns about our losing our commitments to certain ethical goods, such as human dignity, or even ‘what it means to be human’. Over the last 25 years, the focus of much of the ethical debate over human biotechnology has slowly shifted towards other genetic technologies that aim to influence inheritance, such as mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRT) and heritable genome editing. Genome editing, in particular, is a technology with multiple fields of application, actual and potential, in research and innovation. In this review, I suggest that many of the fundamental concerns about the possibility of human reproductive cloning that were precipitated by Dolly persist today in the arguments of those who oppose MRT and any use of heritable human genome editing (HHGE). Whilst I do not accept that an understanding of human nature and dignity alone can demonstrate the ethical unacceptability of such assisted reproductive technologies, there are themes of justice, which extend into our relationships with animals, that demand continued wide-ranging examination and public deliberation. Dolly has cast a long shadow over such discussions, but I suggest that the general existential angst over human uses of biotechnology that she came to symbolise is neither compulsory, nor a reliable guide for how to think about biotechnologies today.

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Law in Ensuring the Safety of Genetic Technologies Against their Use for Criminal Purposes

Lex Russica ◽

10.17803/1729-5920.2020.165.8.047-053 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 47-53

Author(s):

N. V. Kruchinina

Keyword(s):

Legal Status ◽

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Human Reproduction ◽

Economic Progress ◽

Genetic Technologies ◽

Criminal Groups ◽

Definition Of

Genetic technologies offer wide prospects for socio-economic progress. At the same time, their application in practice could put at stake the interests of society, human rights and freedoms. Therefore, the development of genetic technologies requires its analysis from the standpoint of jurisprudence, thoughtful legislative regulation and protection from uncontrolled spread and criminal use. The paper analyzes different points of view on the use of genetic technologies. The author substantiates the necessity of proper legal regulation and security of the process of development of genetic technologies. The paper contains the results of the scientific research. The paper elucidates the problems related to the use of genetic technologies in the process of artificial human reproduction: imperfection of the legal framework (In particular, lack of the definition of the legal status of human embryo, lack of justification for the legality of its use for research and therapeutic purposes), the threat of the use of genetic technologies for criminal purposes. The author concludes that the use of genetic technologies for criminal purposes is especially dangerous because organized criminal groups focus their attention on genetic technologies. This gives rise to a special criminal situation that requires new approaches for effective counteraction. To this end, the priority is given to identification of crimes committed with the use of genetic technologies and analysis of the emerging practice of investigating this category of crimes. Failure to comply with standards, deviation from regulations and procedures imposed on medical care may result in harm to health or death also when the assisted reproductive technologies are used. The author has made some proposals to solve these problems with due regard to domestic and foreign experience in the use of genetic technologies in the field of human artificial reproduction (in particular, it is proposed to establish effective international cooperation in this area).

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An Ethical Analysis of Assisted Reproduction Providers’ Websites in Pakistan

Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics ◽

10.1017/s0963180116000141 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 497-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AYESHA IRSHAD ◽

GABRIELE WERNER-FELMAYER

Keyword(s):

Gender Discrimination ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Social Practices ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Online Information ◽

Legal Regulations ◽

Family Balancing ◽

Genetic Technologies

Abstract:Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and reproductive genetic technologies (RGTs) are intertwined and coevolving. These technologies are increasingly used to fulfill socially and culturally framed requests, for example, “family balancing,” or to enable postmenopausal women or homosexual couples to have genetically linked children. The areas of ART and RGT are replete with ethical issues, because different social practices and legal regulations, as well as economic inequalities within and among countries, create vulnerable groups and, therefore, the potential for exploitation. This article provides an overview of the ART and RGT landscape in Pakistan and analyzes the available online content addressing Pakistani citizens and international clients. We explored the topic in view of socioeconomic challenges in Pakistan, particularly deeply rooted poverty, lack of education, gender discrimination, and absence of regulation. As online information given by ART and RGT providers is readily available and could easily raise false hopes, make use of discriminatory statements with regard to women, and promote gender selection to meet sociocultural expectations, it should be subjected to quality control.

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ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETICS

Filosofiya Referativnyi Zhurnal ◽

10.31249/rphil/2021.04.04 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 64-71

Author(s):

Oleg Letov ◽

Keyword(s):

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽

Public Health System ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Future Generations ◽

Ethical Challenge ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Ethical Problems ◽

Distribution Of Resources ◽

Genetic Technologies ◽

Scientific Facts

The review is devoted to the ethical problems of the development of genetic technologies. It is emphasized that since the moral and legal problems associated with the procedure for using surrogacy are especially complex, it is necessary to increase responsibility for crimes committed in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. An ethical challenge is facing the global public health system to achieve an equitable distribution of resources between present and future generations. The situation is complicated by the probabilistic style of thinking in genetics, when, due to the lack of available specific scientific facts and knowledge, the policy of public presentation of the problem is based on assumptions and expectations.

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APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES WHILE PROVIDING SERVICES FOR SURROGACY: PROBLEMS OF JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF RIGHTS

The rule-of-law state: theory and practice ◽

10.33184/pravgos-2020.2.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 44-57

Author(s):

Анатолий Левушкин ◽

Сулико Алборов

Keyword(s):

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Private Life ◽

Genomic Research ◽

Scientific School ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

Genetic Technologies ◽

Judicial Protection

At the present stage of the formation of the rule of law and a developed civil society in Russian medical practice, the possibility of using genes and genetic technologies related mainly to the sphere of private life for surrogacy and protecting the rights of citizens while providing such services is of particular relevance. A scientific school in the field of medicine has already been formed in the world, aimed at implementing genetic technologies and genomic research with assisted reproductive technologies. Aim: scientific and practical understanding of the problems of judicial protection of rights in the sphere of applying genetic technologies while providing surrogacy services and some trends in legal regulation of surrogacy. The methodological base of this work is general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, and others, as well as the private scientific methods of studying contractual regulation. Results: It is proved that modern society has existed for a long time in the era of genetic technologies. The practice of introducing such developments is aimed at the implementation and protection of human rights while providing surrogacy services in medical activities. The problems of judicial protection of the rights of subjects of legal relations of surrogate motherhood are identified. In legal relations of childbearing, in which a donor of genetic material took part, the need to protect the rights of a given person has been proved when he is charged with parent duties, although his actions were not aimed at giving birth to a child.

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Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽

10.3366/soma.2015.0149 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 88-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kalindi Vora

Keyword(s):

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽

Reproductive Technologies ◽

The Body ◽

Body Parts ◽

Colonial History ◽

Women's Bodies ◽

Commercial Surrogacy ◽

Art Practices ◽

History Of ◽

Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

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