Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Lead in Air, According to Symptom Development in Each Stage

Downy mildew symptoms caused by Plasmopara halstedii encountered in sunflower plantation are varied. This variation may be related to the resistance mechanism presented by plant to the invasion of the fungus. Our objectives were firstly is to evaluate symptom development after fungus race 710 inoculation on some vegetative stage of susceptible hybrid. Second objective is to evaluate the reaction some sunflower genotypes after fungus inoculation. The study was conducted under controlled conditions or under netting cages in the field. The development of downy mildew symptoms were affected by all factors studied. Shoot inoculation may present a good method to produce downy mildew symptom similar to the natural infection. Downy mildew symptom progression may be used to screen a genotype with a horizontal resistance.

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Symptom development and decreased sugar content from internal fruit rot of netted melon caused by Pantoea ananatis group II and its host range

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.85.197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 197-204

Author(s):

K. KIDO ◽

Y. TAKIKAWA

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Pantoea Ananatis ◽

Group Ii ◽

Internal Fruit Rot

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BIOASSAY TO DETERMINE CHERRY ROOTSTOCK TOLERANCE TO `BACTERIAL CANKER' CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1354 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1354F-1355

Author(s):

Elzbieta Krzesinska ◽

Anita Nina Miller

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Avirulent Strain ◽

Bacterial Canker ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Callus Production ◽

Root Stock ◽

One Year

An excised twig assay was developed to evaluate cherry geno-types for their tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. One-year-old wood was collected at monthly intervals from October until January of `Royal Ann', `Corum', and a number of cherry rootstock. The rootstock included; F/12–1 and Giessen (GI) and M × M selections. A 2-cm incision (“^”-shaped flap) was made on each twig. A 20-μl droplet of inoculum or water was placed onto each incision. The inoculum was prepared with one avirulent (K4) and three virulent strains (W4N54, AP2, B15) concentrations (105, 106, or 107 cfu). Inoculated twigs were placed in test tubes and incubated at 15C in high relative humidity for 3 weeks. After incubation, twigs were evaluated for gummosis production (0–3, 0 = no gummosis), incision browning (1–4, 1 = yellow pith), and callus production (0–1, 0 = no callus). The concentration of bacterial suspension had no effect on symptom development. No gummosis or browning was observed on twigs inoculated with water or the avirulent strain. Based on the gummosis and browning ratings, rootstock M × M 2, M × M 39, M × M 60, GI 148-1, GI 154-2, and GI 154-4 were found to be resistant to these three strains of P. syringae in this assay. Root-stock F 12-1, GI 169–15, GI 172–9, and GI 173-9 were found to be tolerant.

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Uncoupling Salicylic Acid-Dependent Cell Death and Defense-Related Responses From Disease Resistance in the Arabidopsis Mutant acd5

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/156.1.341 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 341-350

Author(s):

Jean T Greenberg ◽

F Paul Silverman ◽

Hua Liang

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Ethylene Signaling ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Wild Type ◽

Dependent Cell ◽

Arabidopsis Mutant

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) is required for resistance to many diseases in higher plants. SA-dependent cell death and defense-related responses have been correlated with disease resistance. The accelerated cell death 5 mutant of Arabidopsis provides additional genetic evidence that SA regulates cell death and defense-related responses. However, in acd5, these events are uncoupled from disease resistance. acd5 plants are more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae early in development and show spontaneous SA accumulation, cell death, and defense-related markers later in development. In acd5 plants, cell death and defense-related responses are SA dependent but they do not confer disease resistance. Double mutants with acd5 and nonexpressor of PR1, in which SA signaling is partially blocked, show greatly attenuated cell death, indicating a role for NPR1 in controlling cell death. The hormone ethylene potentiates the effects of SA and is important for disease symptom development in Arabidopsis. Double mutants of acd5 and ethylene insensitive 2, in which ethylene signaling is blocked, show decreased cell death, supporting a role for ethylene in cell death control. We propose that acd5 plants mimic P. syringae-infected wild-type plants and that both SA and ethylene are normally involved in regulating cell death during some susceptible pathogen infections.

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IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE CONTRALATERAL HIP OF PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967121s00145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽

pp. 2325967121S0014

Author(s):

Adam Khan ◽

Craig R. Louer ◽

Wahid Abu-Amer ◽

Gail Pashos ◽

Cecilia Pascual Garrido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Progression ◽

Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽

External Rotation ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Alpha Angle ◽

Hip Osteoarthritis ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Ucla Activity Score ◽

Center Edge ◽

Imaging Characteristics

Introduction: Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) is one of the most common causes of hip osteoarthritis. Nevertheless, the factors contributing to symptom development and FAI disease progression are poorly understood. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) investigate rates of initial and subsequent symptom development in the contralateral hip of patients with FAI, and (2) identify predictors of disease progression (symptom development) in the contralateral hip. Methods: This prospective study included a minimum 5 year follow-up of the contralateral hip in 179 patients undergoing FAI surgery. Symptoms (moderate pain) were monitored over the study course. Univariate analysis compared patient and FAI imaging characteristics of patients developing symptoms to those who remained asymptomatic. Results: 146 patients (146 hips, 81.5%) were included (min 5 year, mean 6.7 years). Thirty-nine (26%) presented with symptoms in the contralateral hip while 34 (23%) developed symptoms. Head-neck offset ratio (HNOR) on AP pelvis radiographs was significantly lower among hips that developed symptoms (0.164 vs. 0.153 p=0.025). Maximum alpha angle (p=0.413), lateral center edge angle (p=0.704), and crossover sign (p=0.115) were not predictive of symptoms. Patients with a UCLA activity score greater than 9 were less likely to develop symptoms (14% vs. 46%, p=0.081), but this was not statistically significant. The total arc of rotation in extension (35.740 vs 45.140, p=0.012) and 900 of flexion (40.00 vs 50.800, p=0.009) as well as external rotation at 900 of flexion (28.940 vs 36.590, p=0.020) were decreased in hips developing symptoms. Internal Rotation in flexion was not significantly decreased in symptomatic patients (11.060 vs 14.20, p=0.113). Conclusions: We identified unique radiographic and physical exam findings that are associated with symptom development in patients with FAI. Specifically, decreased hip rotation arc and decreased HNOR were strongly associated with disease progression and may represent important factors for future risk modeling in FAI patients.

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Correction to the paper ‘symptom development and timing of menarche: a longitudinal study’

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research ◽

10.1002/mpr.175 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 192-192

Author(s):

Bassam Michel El-Khouri ◽

Christin Mellner

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Timing Of Menarche

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A comparison between rate of nonmotor symptom development in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease

Acta Neurologica Belgica ◽

10.1007/s13760-014-0408-6 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 289-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yildizhan Sengul ◽

Hakan S. Sengul ◽

Müge Kocak Sural ◽

Bahadir Bakim ◽

Hulki Forta

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Essential Tremor ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Nonmotor Symptom

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Transmission of the Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa with the Sharpshooter Oncometopia nigricans

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1237 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (11) ◽

pp. 1237-1239 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. H. Brlansky ◽

V. D. Damsteegt ◽

J. S. Hartung

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Xylella Fastidiosa ◽

The United States ◽

Reliable Indicator ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Citrus Variegated Chlorosis ◽

Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is an economically important, destructive disease in Brazil and is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells. The bacterium has been found to be transmitted in Brazil by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). Sharpshooters are present in most citrus growing areas of the United States. The sharpshooter leafhopper, Oncometopia nigricans Walker, frequently is found feeding on citrus in Florida. This sharpshooter transmits the X. fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's disease of grape and ragweed stunt. Research was initiated to determine if O. nigricans was capable of vectoring the X. fastidiosa that causes CVC. In 59 different transmission tests, using 1 to 57 insects per test, transmission of the bacterium was observed 12 times (20.3%). Symptom development in the greenhouse was not a reliable indicator of transmission. Transmission was verified by specific polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Individual insects were able to transmit the bacterium. This information on sharpshooter transmission of CVC is needed to assess the threat posed by the CVC disease to the citrus industries in the United States.

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