scholarly journals Constructional requirements and classification of nucleonic gauges

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana D'Arc Ramos Lopes Gomes ◽  
Mara Lucia De Lara Costa ◽  
Rogério Dos Santos Gomes ◽  
Evaldo Luiz Correa Da Costa ◽  
Zieli Dutra Thomé Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Shielding Design

There are several hundred of nucleonic gauges installed in at least 500 industrial facilities in Brazil. In recent years, several standards have been issued by different international committees in order to specify requirements for the design of nucleonic gauges taking into account issues related to radiological protection. The aspects of design and manufacturing of these devices using radioactive sources should be treated as an important feature to an adequate safety approach during the whole operational life, mainly taking into account the extreme conditions of the places where the devices are installed. Thus, the agreement with these standards should be included as part of the equipment specification to the licensing process, however, most nucleonic gauges were installed in the period prior to the issuance of these international standards. In this work was studied the performance of shielding design taking into account international standards concerning the constructional requirements and classification of gauges. In view of the specific operational conditions found at reference facilities, the measurements obtained will be used for validation of a Monte Carlo code based on GEANT4 to allow extrapolations for other operational conditions. The results obtained in this study can enable the establishment of a safety indicator tool to industrial facilities, taking into account different designs, so that this additional parameter can be used to determine and to optimize the frequency of regulatory inspections.

National and Provincial Profiles of Chemical Releases by Canadian Industrial Sectors, 2002-2010

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savita Rani
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Regional Health ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Chemical Releases ◽  
National Profile

The National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) is a public-domain record of chemicals released into air, water and land by Canadian facilities from various industrial sectors. The aim of this study was to use historical NPRI data (2002-10) to build national and provincial profiles showing amount, identity and health-hazard classification of chemicals released by facilities in different sectors. Nationally, it was found that 97% of total chemical releases were released into air, and that the top 3 chemical-emitting sectors – Manufacturing (MAN), Mining (MIN) and Utilities (U) – accounted for 98% of these air emissions. Statistical analysis was used to compare provincial chemical releases in the above 3 sectors. Testing showed that significant variation exists in the activity level of the national top 3 sectors within each province. This is reflected in the finding that provincial top 3 sectors do not necessarily match the national profile. Next, health-hazard classifications were determined for the 10 highest-emitted chemicals in the provincial and national top 3 sectors. In the national profile, MAN was classified as carcinogenic, neurotoxic, respiratory-toxic; MIN as reproductive-toxic, respiratory-toxic; U as respiratory-toxic. Sector-hazard relationships in the provinces differed from the national trends and from each other. Ultimately, associating sectors with particular hazards may help link the nature of regional health outcomes to the hazard type of local industrial facilities. A next step would be to account for differing toxicity levels among chemicals of the same hazard type by normalizing the data with risk scores that take into account a chemical’s specific toxicity.

scholarly journals International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: Cases With Classification Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kirshblum ◽  
F. Biering-Sørensen ◽  
R. Betz ◽  
S. Burns ◽  
W. Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Cord Injury

scholarly journals CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO CLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 384 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Y. E. Putihin ◽  
Y. N. Akimova ◽  
N. V. Ostrovskaya ◽  
I. A. Manvelova ◽  
E. V. Negashev
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

International Accounting Practice Accounting is multifaceted and heterogeneous. First distinguish between international standards and national standards. National accounting standards for each country is being developed independently. The leading countries in the field of national accounting standards are the United Kingdom and the United States, which is determined by the role of these countries in international financial markets. In different countries, national accounting standards are called differently; in addition, various bodies are involved in their development: in some these are state bodies, in other countries professional organizations. International accounting standards are implemented and developed at 2 levels: international, global and regional. In the regional aspect, the main role belongs to the EU Accounting Commission, which regulates these matters in the EU countries. World standards are developed by several organizations: International Federation of Accountants, Committee on International Accounting Standards, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on International Standards Reporting and Accounting Center for Transnational United Nations Corporation, Economic development and cooperation. There is a great variety of accounting systems around the world. The differences between them are explained mainly by the different business environments in which they operate. Among many classifications, which are based on various principles, two main classifications can be distinguished. The first one is based on the “geographical” principle, i.e.: the UK-US system, the Continental system, the Latin American system. In the second classification, systems are clustered based on their typical properties and hierarchy. The upper level defines the objectives that the accounting system focuses on. Next, systems are rated based on whether the state insists on applying the theoretical approach or the actual legislative requirements and business needs. It might be difficult to classify a system as belonging to a specific group if the country’s accounting system is unstable. Thus, in the 60s of the 20th century, New Zealand started to separate from the UK, although many provisions of its accounting system were taken directly from the standards developed by the English Institute of Financial Accountants. In view of the existing challenges and various approaches to the classification of national accounting systems, the importance of such classification can hardly be overestimated. The proximity of national accounting systems in countries that belong to the same model suggests the possibility of harmonization of accounting principles at the international level. Based on the above: - the possibility of grouping national accounting systems into clusters makes it possible to level out the differences between them during standardization; - the convergence of economies of different countries due to the globalization of the world economy contributes to the unification of accounting principles at the global level.

scholarly journals MAIN ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT AND COST MANAGEMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonina Kosiak ◽  
Olena Lytovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
International Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Support Organization ◽  
The Right

One of the most important indicators of production and economic activity of enterprises, which has a direct impact on financial performance is costs. The article defines the economic meaning of the concept of "costs", "production costs". Features of accounting and analytical support, organization of accounting and cost management, cost classification are considered. Classification is one of the methods of cognition and study of phenomena, processes, objects, which consists in their division into classes on the basis of certain features, properties and patterns of relations between them. The classification of costs helps to assess the costs incurred, to find possible features to increase cost efficiency and make the right decisions about their management. Classification of costs is the basis of their accounting, analysis and planning in the enterprise. Cost management takes into account such components as rationing, planning, cost accounting, deviation control and cost analysis, cost management and decision making. The problem of cost management is quite relevant for Ukrainian enterprises. Today, all businesses face the problem of applying International Financial Reporting Standards. The peculiarities of cost reflection according to International Financial Reporting Standards and National Accounting Standards (standards) are studied and analyzed. Achieving a high or sufficient level of each of the production or management processes of financial activities of economic entities must be accompanied by certain costs, the economic content of which will vary depending on the object. However, the owners (managers) of the enterprise or its individual structural unit must be clearly aware of what exactly the costs contribute to the creation and maintenance of the organization and their timely optimization. The Conceptual Basis of Preparation and Submission of Financial Statements means true presentation, prevalence of substance over form, prudence, completeness. These requirements formed the basis for the formation of accounting principles in International Standards and, accordingly, in Ukraine.

Evolution of Hotel Classification System in Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Dmitry Aleksandrovich KOZLOV
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Classification System ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tourism Organization

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the approaches to the system of classification of accommodation facilities in the Russian Federation. The United Nations World Tourism Organization pays great attention to the unification of classification systems for accommodation facilities in all countries of the world, issuing appropriate recommendations on tourism statistics systems, classification of economic activities, as well as criteria for interregional harmonization. In the Russian Federation, there are a number of laws, regulations, state standards, building and sanitary norms and rules concerning the classification of accommodation facilities. They are so imperfect that they have to be revised almost annually or even several times a year. The general statistics of accommodation facilities currently do not correspond to world recommendations. The classification system needs to be revised and brought into line with international standards as much as possible.

scholarly journals Analysis of changes in the system of identification and classification of soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Maria Jolanta Sulewska
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
Final Draft

The objective of the article is to analyse the proposed changes in the European and international principles of the system of identification and classification of soils, included in Final Draft International Standards: ISO/FDIS 14688-1:2017 and ISO/FDIS 14688-2:2017, which will probably be introduced in 2018 or 2019.

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