scholarly journals Effect of adrenalectomy and glycemic status on caloric efficiency and adiposity in the congenic LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Orien L Tulp ◽  
Aftab R Awan ◽  
George P Einstein
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Treatment Schedule ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Obese Phenotype

Obesity develops in the obese phenotype of the congenic LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rat strain by 6 weeks of age.1 To gain insight into the contributors to the expression of obesity in the obese phenotype of this strain, groups [n=12-20 rats/phenotype] of congenic male lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rats were fed an ad libitum standardized Purina chow diet (CHOW) from 6 to 12 weeks or age, and subgroups (n=6 rats / subgroup) were overfed with a highly palatable cafeteria diet (CAFÉ) from 9 to 12 weeks of age (WOA). A subgroup of obese rats (n=6) were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) at 6 WOA and followed the same dietary regimen and treatment schedule. BW of lean and obese animals were similar at 6 WOA and increased by 88% in lean phenotype and 281% in obese phenotype during the 6 weeks study, while in ADX obese rats, BW were similar at 6 and 9 WOA but BW increased to 2.5-fold above starting weights and 1.8-fold above 9-week weights between 9 and 12 WOA. The CAFE supplement was without significant effect on final body weights in the lean phenotypes, but was associated with significantly greater body weights at ages 9 and 12 WOA in the obese phenotype (p=<0.05) and in the obese-ADX at 12 WOA. CE (kcal/gram gain of BW per day) remained relatively constant in lean and obese-ADX rats throughout the study, but CE was more efficient in the obese phenotype at all ages studied and was more efficient with the CAFE supplement feeding regimen. Fasting I:G ratios at 12 weeks of age were 4.2-fold greater in obese than lean and were partially normalized in obese-ADX to 1.7-fold increase at 12 WOA. Relative adiposity of obese rats was 3.8-fold greater in obese than lean phenotype, with the greatest increase in the SQ depot. Resting VO2 (RMR) was lower in obese than lean rats at each age studied and was increased by ADX. Thermogenic interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) mass was greater in obese and obese-ADX than lean rats. The results of this study indicate that CE is associated with the predisposition for the expression and development of adiposity in the obese phenotype of this strain and is associated with an increased I:G ratio and IBAT mass that is consistent with insulin resistance and an impaired capacity for energy expenditure and became normalized on the Chow but not the CAFE diet following ADX. These observations implicate likely multiple metabolic factors that contribute to a greater efficiency of energy storage, utilization and or energy conservation in the obese than in the lean phenotype of this strain and which is partially corrected in the obese phenotype by ADX. The metabolic impact of added caloric intake was associated with an additive impact on the CE of weight gain and adiposity in the obese phenotype of this congenic rodent strain and was partially corrected via ADX

scholarly journals Taurine Stimulates Thermoregulatory Genes in Brown Fat Tissue and Muscle without an Influence on Inguinal White Fat Tissue in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mouse Model

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Soo Kim ◽  
Hari Madhuri Doss ◽  
Hee-Jin Kim ◽  
Hyung-In Yang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose

This study was conducted to investigate if taurine supplementation stimulates the induction of thermogenic genes in fat tissues and muscles and decipher the mechanism by which taurine exerts its anti-obesity effect in a mildly obese ICR (CD-1®) mouse model. Three groups of ICR mice were fed a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD supplemented with 2% taurine in drinking water for 28 weeks. The expression profiles of various genes were analyzed by real time PCR in interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and the quadriceps muscles of the experimental groups. Genes that are known to regulate thermogenesis like PGC-1α, UCP-1, Cox7a1, Cox8b, CIDE-A, and β1-, β2-, and β3-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) were found to be differentially expressed in the three tissues. These genes were expressed at a very low level in iWAT as compared to BAT and muscle. Whereas, HFD increased the expression of these genes. Taurine supplementation stimulated the expression of UCP-1, Cox7a1, and Cox8b in BAT and only Cox7a1 in muscle, while there was a decrease in iWAT. In contrast, fat deposition-related genes, monoamine oxidases (MAO)-A, and -B, and lipin-1, were decreased by taurine supplementation only in iWAT and not in BAT or muscle. In conclusion, the potential anti-obesity effects of taurine may be partly due to upregulated thermogenesis in BAT, energy metabolism of muscle, and downregulated fat deposition in iWAT.

Brown adipose tissue of cafeteria-fed rats

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (2) ◽  
pp. E116-E120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Himms-Hagen ◽  
J. Triandafillou ◽  
C. Gwilliam
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Purine Nucleotides ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Wet Weight

Feeding a "cafeteria" diet for 2 wk to male Holtzman rats resulted in a weight gain that was, on average, only slightly more than that of control rats fed a regular chow diet. Wet weight, DNA, and total protein content of interscapular brown adipose tissue were more than doubled in the cafeteria-fed rats and proliferation of mitochondria paralleled tissue growth. After 2 wk of recovery from cafeteria feeding, the expanded size of the tissue had completely regressed to a normal level. Brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cafeteria-fed rats bound 3 times more purine nucleotides than mitochondria of chow-fed control rats, but no change in the proportion of polypeptides with molecular weight in the region of 32,000 could be detected. The changes in brown adipose tissue and its mitochondria in cafeteria-fed rats correspond to those seen previously in noradrenaline-treated rats, i.e., tissue growth accompanied by mitochondrial proliferation and an unmasking of proton conductance pathways. The increase in 32,000-mol-wt polypeptides seen in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold-acclimated rats does not occur in the cafeteria-fed rats. Control mechanisms are presumed to differ, either quantitatively or qualitatively, in the two situations, cold exposure and overeating, which both cause growth of brown adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Chronic hindbrain administration of oxytocin is sufficient to elicit weight loss in diet-induced obese rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. R357-R371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary S. Roberts ◽  
Tami Wolden-Hanson ◽  
Miles E. Matsen ◽  
Vitaly Ryu ◽  
Cheryl H. Vaughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sustained Weight Loss ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Reducing Energy

Oxytocin (OT) administration elicits weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Although the neurocircuitry underlying these effects remains uncertain, OT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus are positioned to control both energy intake and sympathetic nervous system outflow to interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) through projections to the hindbrain nucleus of the solitary tract and spinal cord. The current work was undertaken to examine whether central OT increases BAT thermogenesis, whether this effect involves hindbrain OT receptors (OTRs), and whether such effects are associated with sustained weight loss following chronic administration. To assess OT-elicited changes in BAT thermogenesis, we measured the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of OT on interscapular BAT temperature in rats and mice. Because fourth ventricular (4V) infusion targets hindbrain OTRs, whereas third ventricular (3V) administration targets both forebrain and hindbrain OTRs, we compared responses to OT following chronic 3V infusion in DIO rats and mice and chronic 4V infusion in DIO rats. We report that chronic 4V infusion of OT into two distinct rat models recapitulates the effects of 3V OT to ameliorate DIO by reducing fat mass. While reduced food intake contributes to this effect, our finding that 4V OT also increases BAT thermogenesis suggests that increased energy expenditure may contribute as well. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that, in DIO rats, OT action in the hindbrain evokes sustained weight loss by reducing energy intake and increasing BAT thermogenesis.

The influence of starvation and natural refeeding on the rate of triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling in brown adipose tissue and different white adipose sites of the rat in vivo. The role of insulin and the sympathetic nervous system

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart W. Mercer ◽  
Dermot H. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
Acid Substrate

Triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling was measured in vivo in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) of fed, starved and refed rats. Starvation (24 h) significantly decreased the rate of cycling in BAT, and refeeding chow diet led to a rapid, 6-fold increase in cycling. Cycling rate in WAT was much lower than in BAT, and was not influenced by fasting or refeeding. Similar rates of cycling were found in epididymal, mesenteric, subcutaneous, and scapular WAT depots. Sympathetic denervation of interscapular BAT abolished the response of the tissue to refeeding, as did acute suppression of insulin secretion. Similarly, rats fasted for 3 days showed no acute increase in the activity of the cycle following refeeding.

Brown adipose tissue after ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. E20-E25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saito ◽  
Y. Minokoshi ◽  
T. Shimazu
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats

The interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) from obese rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) was approximately 5 times heavier than those from controls. This hypertrophy of IBAT was associated with a marked enlargement of constituent adipocytes and their apparent transformation from multiloculated structure of lipid droplets into the uniloculated structure. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in IBAT of the obese rats was less than one-tenth of that in control rats and approximated the value in white adipose tissue (WAT) when they were starved for 24 h. When rats were fed, the synthetic rate was increased, but the lipogenic response of IBAT in the obese rats was much greater than that in controls, the extent of the response being comparable to that of WAT. The IBAT temperature rose rapidly on electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the tissue in control rats, whereas the temperature response was reduced markedly in the obese rats. It was suggested that thermogenesis in BAT was impaired in obese rats with VMH lesions by decreasing triglyceride turnover in BAT, probably due to dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system and a consequent transformation of BAT into WAT.

Abnormal brown adipose composition and beta-adrenoceptor binding in obese Zucker rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. E217-E224
Author(s):  
B. E. Levin ◽  
K. Comai ◽  
R. A. O'Brien ◽  
A. C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Beta Adrenoceptor ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
White Fat

The composition, morphology, beta-adrenergic receptor binding, and in vitro lipolysis were examined in lean and obese, 5- to 6-mo-old male Zucker rat interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). IBAT pads from obese rats were heavier (283%), had more lipid (700%), and more (75%)( and larger (83%) adipocytes than those from lean rats. Also, IBAT from obese rats had no multiloculated cells, and 50% of their IBAT adipocytes were the size of white fat cells. High affinity binding for (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol (KD, 15-18 nM), as well as the estimated KD values for binding and the 1/2 Vmax values for adrenergic agonist-induced lipolysis were similar in isolated IBAT cells from lean and obese rats. However, adipocytes from IBAT in obese rats had 75% fewer high affinity beta-adrenergic binding sites per cell (Bmax) compared to those in lean rats. These findings are most compatible with the infiltration of IBAT by white adipocytes. Such infiltration would be expected to reduce the overall thermogenic capacity of IBAT in obese Zucker rats and thereby contribute to the maintenance of their obesity.

Altered sympathetic activity during development of diet-induced obesity in rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (3) ◽  
pp. R347-R355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Levin ◽  
J. Triscari ◽  
A. C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Relative Body Weight

Sprague-Dawley rats developed diet-induced obesity (DIO) after 3 mo on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (DIO diet), with associated increases in total body and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) lipid content. After 7 days on the DIO diet, rats had increased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; 34%), norepinephrine (NE; 34%), and NE turnover (94%; estimated by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine inhibition of TH) in their IBAT compared with chow-fed controls. After 3 mo on the DIO diet, NE levels and/or turnover were reduced by 27–50% in aortas, hearts, and pancreata in obese rats. While IBAT NE turnover was normal, TH inhibition failed to increase the lipid content of IBAT in obese rats as it did in controls, suggesting a postsynaptic defect in basal NE-stimulated lipolysis in this thermogenically active tissue. When obese rats were switched from the DIO diet to rat chow for 3 days, NE levels remained depressed in their hearts (25%) and aortas (14%) but were increased by 36–45% in IBAT, pancreata, and white adipose tissue. NE turnover rates and/or constants were increased by 37–110% in hearts, aortas, pancreata, and IBAT of these obese rats while there were increased IBAT TH (20%) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (87%) activities compared with chow-fed controls. Therefore, sympathetic activity varied markedly as a function of both dietary composition and relative body weight during the development of DIO.

scholarly journals Glucose utilization by interscapular brown adipose tissue in vivo during nutritional transitions in the rat

1991 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Holness ◽  
Y L Liu ◽  
J S Beech ◽  
M C Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Control Post

Glucose utilization indices (GUI) of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) declined by 84% after 48 h starvation. Two-thirds of the overall response was observed within 6 h, correlating with decreased insulin concentrations. Re-feeding 48 h-starved rats restored insulin concentrations and evoked a rapid 15-fold increase in IBAT GUI. GUI values after re-feeding were markedly higher than those observed at equivalent insulin concentrations in control post-absorptive rats.

Brown adipose tissue activity in hypocaloric-diet fed lactating rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesc Villarroya ◽  
Antonio Felipe ◽  
Teresa Mampel
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue Activity

Hypocaloric diet feeding reduced the mitochondrial protein content and whole tissue GDP-binding in interscapular brown adipose tissue from both virgin and lactating rats. A reduction in brown fat lipoprotein lipase activity was also detected in underfed virgin and lactating animals. These results indicate that lactation in the rat, even though it produces a reduction in brown fat activity, does not impair the capacity of the tissue to respond to a diminished caloric intake by lowering its activity further.

Angiotensin II in brown adipose tissue from young and adult Zucker obese and lean rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. E453-E458 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Cassis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sympathetic Neurotransmission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
And Control

Previous studies demonstrated that interscapular brown adipose tissue (ISBAT) produces angiotensin II (ANG II), which facilitates sympathetic neurotransmission (SN). ANG II content and regulation of SN were examined in young (17 days) and adult (16 wk) Zucker obese and lean rats. ANG II content in ISBAT from preobese rats was decreased compared with lean littermates. Evoked 3H overflow in ISBAT slices preloaded with [3H]NE was greater in preobese rats compared with control. ANG II increased evoked 3H overflow in ISBAT slices to a greater extent in preobese rats compared with control. [3H]NE uptake in ISBAT slices from preobese rats was decreased compared with control. In adult obese rats, plasma renin activity was decreased compared with control. ISBAT ANG II content was increased in adult obese rats compared with control. Evoked 3H overflow in ISBAT slices preloaded with [3H]NE was not different between obese and control. ANG II did not increase evoked 3H overflow in obese rats; however, ANG II increased evoked 3H overflow in lean rats. [3H]NE uptake in ISBAT slices from obese rats was decreased compared with control. These results suggest that ANG II modulation of SN activity is decreased in ISBAT from adult obese rats. In contrast, in young obese rats, increased SN activity and ANG II regulation of SN were evident in brown adipose tissue.

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