scholarly journals Alopecia types, current and future treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
H Rambwawasvika
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Future Treatment ◽  
Conventional Medication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Future Drug

There are diverse types of alopecia and each call for a specific treatment. Regrettably there is no curative solution to the problem of alopecia as most drugs target its management. The purpose of the review is to explore the different types of alopecia and how each affect hair appearance and growth. The review begins by describing hair structure and hair physiological changes during life progression. A detailed description of conventional medication prescribed for alopecia and associated adverse effects are also pronounced in this review. Both approved (minoxidil and finasteride) and unapproved medications indicated for the condition are discussed to expose voids, which need to be filled by future drug development. The review also discusses the prospective future therapies of alopecia as directed by current research and technological advancement.

Positron Emission Tomography for Future Drug Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151
Author(s):  
Ryogo Minamimoto ◽  
Chumpol Theeraladanon ◽  
Akiko Suzuki ◽  
Tomio Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Future Drug

scholarly journals Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5804
Author(s):  
Kamila Buzun ◽  
Agnieszka Gornowicz ◽  
Roman Lesyk ◽  
Krzysztof Bielawski ◽  
Anna Bielawska
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Atg Proteins ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that plays an important role in removing damaged proteins, organelles or cellular fragments from the cell. Under stressful conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deficiency or chemotherapy, this process can also become the strategy for cell survival. Autophagy can be nonselective or selective in removing specific organelles, ribosomes, and protein aggregates, although the complete mechanisms that regulate aspects of selective autophagy are not fully understood. This review summarizes the most recent research into understanding the different types and mechanisms of autophagy. The relationship between apoptosis and autophagy on the level of molecular regulation of the expression of selected proteins such as p53, Bcl-2/Beclin 1, p62, Atg proteins, and caspases was discussed. Intensive studies have revealed a whole range of novel compounds with an anticancer activity that inhibit or activate regulatory pathways involved in autophagy. We focused on the presentation of compounds strongly affecting the autophagy process, with particular emphasis on those that are undergoing clinical and preclinical cancer research. Moreover, the target points, adverse effects and therapeutic schemes of autophagy inhibitors and activators are presented.

scholarly journals Lights and Shadows in Immuno-Oncology Drug Development

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Milana Bergamino Sirvén ◽  
Sonia Pernas ◽  
Maggie C. U. Cheang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Clinical Trial Designs ◽  
Oncology Drug Development ◽  
Critical Aspects

The rapidly evolving landscape of immuno-oncology (IO) is redefining the treatment of a number of cancer types. IO treatments are becoming increasingly complex, with different types of drugs emerging beyond checkpoint inhibitors. However, many of the new drugs either do not progress from phase I-II clinical trials or even fail in late-phase trials. We have identified at least five areas in the development of promising IO treatments that should be redefined for more efficient designs and accelerated approvals. Here we review those critical aspects of IO drug development that could be optimized for more successful outcome rates in all cancer types. It is important to focus our efforts on the mechanisms of action, types of response and adverse events of these novel agents. The use of appropriate clinical trial designs with robust biomarkers of response and surrogate endpoints will undoubtedly facilitate the development and subsequent approval of these drugs. Further research is also needed to establish biomarker-driven strategies to select which patients may benefit from immunotherapy and identify potential mechanisms of resistance.

De-risking primary and secondary pharmacology mediated adverse effects as a path to increase likelihood of success in drug development

2017 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. S77
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Valentin ◽  
Franck Atienzar ◽  
Reiner Class ◽  
Annie Delaunois ◽  
Renaud Fleurance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Drug Development

scholarly journals Circulating Blood-Based Biomarkers in Pulmonary Hypertension

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Marta Banaszkiewicz ◽  
Aleksandra Gąsecka ◽  
Szymon Darocha ◽  
Michał Florczyk ◽  
Arkadiusz Pietrasik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Right Heart Failure ◽  
Insufficient Data ◽  
Myocardial Remodeling ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Different Types

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious hemodynamic condition, characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), leading to right heart failure (HF) and death when not properly treated. The prognosis of PH depends on etiology, hemodynamic and biochemical parameters, as well as on response to specific treatment. Biomarkers appear to be useful noninvasive tools, providing information about the disease severity, treatment response, and prognosis. However, given the complexity of PH, it is impossible for a single biomarker to be adequate for the broad assessment of patients with different types of PH. The search for novel emerging biomarkers is still ongoing, resulting in a few potential biomarkers mirroring numerous pathophysiological courses. In this review, markers related to HF, myocardial remodeling, inflammation, hypoxia and tissue damage, and endothelial and pulmonary smooth muscle cell dysfunction are discussed in terms of diagnosis and prognosis. Extracellular vesicles and other markers with complex backgrounds are also reviewed. In conclusion, although many promising biomarkers have been identified and studied in recent years, there are still insufficient data on the application of multimarker strategies for monitoring and risk stratification in PH patients.

scholarly journals Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Seitz ◽  
Lorenzo Casalino ◽  
Robert Konecny ◽  
Gary Huber ◽  
Rommie E. Amaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Brownian Dynamics ◽  
Drug Binding ◽  
Binding Mechanism ◽  
Drug Effectiveness ◽  
Future Drug ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Inhibit Antibody

AbstractInfluenza neuraminidase is an important drug target. Glycans are present on neuraminidase, and are generally considered to inhibit antibody binding via their glycan shield. In this work we studied the effect of glycans on the binding kinetics of antiviral drugs to the influenza neuraminidase. We created all-atom in silico systems of influenza neuraminidase with experimentally-derived glycoprofiles consisting of four systems with different glycan conformations and one system without glycans. Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we observe a two- to eight-fold decrease in the rate of ligand binding to the primary binding site of neuraminidase due to the presence of glycans. These glycans are capable of covering much of the surface area of neuraminidase, and the ligand binding inhibition is derived from glycans sterically occluding the primary binding site on a neighboring monomer. Our work also indicates that drugs preferentially bind to the primary binding site (i.e. the active site) over the secondary binding site, and we propose a binding mechanism illustrating this. These results help illuminate the complex interplay between glycans and ligand binding on the influenza membrane protein neuraminidase.Statement of SignificanceThe influenza glycoprotein neuraminidase is the target for three FDA-approved influenza drugs in the US. However, drug resistance and low drug effectiveness merits further drug development towards neuraminidase, which is hindered by our limited understanding of glycan effects on ligand binding. Generally, drug developers do not include glycans in their development pipelines. Here, we show that even though glycans can reduce drug binding towards neuraminidase, we recommend future drug development work to focus on strong binders with a long lifetime. Furthermore, we examine the binding competition between the primary and secondary binding sites on neuraminidase, leading us to propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, multivalent binding mechanism.

scholarly journals Oral and Perioral Piercing Complications

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Escudero-Castaño ◽  
M.A Perea-García ◽  
J Campo-Trapero ◽  
Cano Sánchez ◽  
A Bascones-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Adolescent Population ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sexual Symbolism

Background.The oral an perioral piercing has a long history as part of religious, tribal,cultural or sexual symbolism and nowdays there is a high incidence of oral and perioral piercing in the adolescent population. This practice has a long history as part of religious, tribal, cultural or sexual symbolism. This article reviews current knowledge on injuries or diseases that might be produced by piercing in the oral cavity. We propose a classification to diagnosed the pathologies related to oral an perioral piercingMethods.A search was conducted of articles in PubMed, Scielo published between 1997 and 2007, using the key words ``oral and perioral, piercing ´´, ``oral, piercing and disease”, ``recessions and oral piercing´´. It has reviewed about twentythree articles 17 were narrative reviews and 6 case seriesResults.A review was carried out on the origins of oral and perioral body piercing and its local implications, classifying the different alterations like recessions, systemic implications that it can produce in the oral and perioral cavity.Conclusion.Patients with oral and perioral piercing should be regularly followed up because of the possible development of different types of adverse effects.Clinical implications.Adverse effects of oral and perioral piercing can be systemic, with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B or C, or can be local, with alteration of oral mucosae or even of dental structures.

Strategies to improve the safety profile of CAR-T therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Car T Cells ◽  
Car T ◽  
Different Types

The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology has become one of the greatest breakthroughs in immunotherapy in recent years. CARs facilitate the attack of immune effector cells such as T cells or NK cells being directed at virtually any molecule presented on the surface of a cancer cell. The exceptional efficacy of CAR receptors has been demonstrated for the CD19 molecule found on B cell-derived tumors. However, the efficacy of CAR-T therapy targeting other antigens is less satisfactory while being quite frequently associated with a number of adverse effects. The adverse effects are mainly due to the effector cells being activated in a simplified manner; the most serious effect consists in the antigen being detected on healthy cells (“the on-target, off-tumor” effect). A number of ongoing studies aim at enhancing the safety profile of therapies making use of CAR--modified effector cells. In part, this can be achieved by optimizing the structure of the CAR receptor itself or by using transient transfection to modify the effector cells. A more complex solution consists in obtaining remote control over CAR-T lymphocytes within the patient’s body. This approach makes use of different types of systems that limit the functionality of CAR-T cells in the patient, such as suicide genes, regulation at the transcriptional and protein levels, different types of adapters being used to activate the CAR-T cells. The most advanced system consists in the use of logic gates which make it possible for CAR-T cells to recognize and „understand” incoming signals from the environment, allowing for a certain degree of autonomy in the activation of the cells’ cytotoxic potential. This study presents key strategies to improve the safety profiles of CAR-T therapies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document