scholarly journals FORMATION MECHANISMS OF LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS NEURONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
A.O. Nastenko ◽  
◽  
N.S. Veselovsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Glutamatergic Synapses ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation is involved in the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, provides such processes as memory and learning, and allows the nervous system of a living organism to adapt to changing environmental conditions. It is an increase in the efficiency of glutamatergic synapses, which lasts much longer than other types of potentiation in the nervous system. Despite the fact that long-term potentiation has been studied in detail, the physiological mechanisms of its formation, which lead to an increase of synaptic weight, remain incompletely understood. Well known that long-term potentiation is closely dependent on the processes of rapid axonal transport. However, how axonal transport is related to the mechanisms of long-term potentiation induction and expression, what substances are transported through axons, and how they affect the synaptic activity of postsynaptic neurons is currently unknown. We review here the main physiological mechanisms that occur in the neurons of the hippocampus and contribute to the formation of long-term potentiation. The works of recent years devoted to the study of the participation of synaptic tagging, retrograde signaling, morphological modifications and axonal transport in formation of the long-term potentiation are analyzed.

scholarly journals Multiplexed neurochemical transmission emulated using a dual-excitatory synaptic transistor

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxue Ma ◽  
Yao Ni ◽  
Zirong Chi ◽  
Wanqing Meng ◽  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Binary Neural Network ◽  
Neuromorphic Systems ◽  
Human Brains

AbstractThe ability to emulate multiplexed neurochemical transmission is an important step toward mimicking complex brain activities. Glutamate and dopamine are neurotransmitters that regulate thinking and impulse signals independently or synergistically. However, emulation of such simultaneous neurotransmission is still challenging. Here we report design and fabrication of synaptic transistor that emulates multiplexed neurochemical transmission of glutamate and dopamine. The device can perform glutamate-induced long-term potentiation, dopamine-induced short-term potentiation, or co-release-induced depression under particular stimulus patterns. More importantly, a balanced ternary system that uses our ambipolar synaptic device backtrack input ‘true’, ‘false’ and ‘unknown’ logic signals; this process is more similar to the information processing in human brains than a traditional binary neural network. This work provides new insight for neuromorphic systems to establish new principles to reproduce the complexity of a mammalian central nervous system from simple basic units.

Neurotrophins and Proneurotrophins: Focus on Synaptic Activity and Plasticity in the Brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Gibon ◽  
Philip A. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Neurotrophin 3 ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Neurotrophins have been intensively studied and have multiple roles in the brain. Neurotrophins are first synthetized as proneurotrophins and then cleaved intracellularly and extracellularly. Increasing evidences demonstrate that proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins exerts opposing role in the central nervous system. In the present review, we explore the role of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4) and their respective proform in cellular processes related to learning and memory. We focused on their roles in synaptic activity and plasticity in the brain with an emphasis on long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and the temporal lobe area. We also discuss new findings on the role of the Val66Met polymorphism on the BDNF propeptide on synaptic activity.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of the AMPAR-TARP Complex in Synaptic Plasticity

Proteomes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joongkyu Park
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Ampa Receptor ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Term Potentiation

Synaptic plasticity has been considered a key mechanism underlying many brain functions including learning, memory, and drug addiction. An increase or decrease in synaptic activity of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) complex mediates the phenomena as shown in the cellular models of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), and depression (LTD). In particular, protein phosphorylation shares the spotlight in expressing the synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes the studies on phosphorylation of the AMPAR pore-forming subunits and auxiliary proteins including transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) and discusses its role in synaptic plasticity.

Remodeling the Plasticity Debate: The Presynaptic Locus Revisited

Physiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krueger ◽  
Reiko Maki Fitzsimonds
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Glutamatergic Synapses ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Term Potentiation

The cellular mechanisms contributing to long-term potentiation and activity-induced formation of glutamatergic synapses have been intensely debated. Recent studies have sparked renewed interest in the role of presynaptic components in these processes. Based on the present evidence, it appears likely that long-term plasticity utilizes both pre- and postsynaptic expression mechanisms.

scholarly journals The AMPA receptor-associated protein Shisa7 regulates hippocampal synaptic function and contextual memory

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne J M Schmitz ◽  
Remco V Klaassen ◽  
Marta Ruiperez-Alonso ◽  
Azra Elia Zamri ◽  
Jasper Stroeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ampa Receptors ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Glutamatergic Synapses ◽  
Contextual Fear ◽  
Receptor Associated Protein ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Bona Fide

Glutamatergic synapses rely on AMPA receptors (AMPARs) for fast synaptic transmission and plasticity. AMPAR auxiliary proteins regulate receptor trafficking, and modulate receptor mobility and its biophysical properties. The AMPAR auxiliary protein Shisa7 (CKAMP59) has been shown to interact with AMPARs in artificial expression systems, but it is unknown whether Shisa7 has a functional role in glutamatergic synapses. We show that Shisa7 physically interacts with synaptic AMPARs in mouse hippocampus. Shisa7 gene deletion resulted in faster AMPAR currents in CA1 synapses, without affecting its synaptic expression. Shisa7 KO mice showed reduced initiation and maintenance of long-term potentiation of glutamatergic synapses. In line with this, Shisa7 KO mice showed a specific deficit in contextual fear memory, both short-term and long-term after conditioning, whereas auditory fear memory and anxiety-related behavior were normal. Thus, Shisa7 is a bona-fide AMPAR modulatory protein affecting channel kinetics of AMPARs, necessary for synaptic hippocampal plasticity, and memory recall.

AMPA receptor phosphorylation during synaptic plasticity

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1354-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boehm ◽  
R. Malinow
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Enhanced Transmission ◽  
Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

A widely studied example of vertebrate plasticity is LTP (long-term potentiation), the persistent synaptic enhancement that follows a brief period of coinciding pre- and post-synaptic activity. During LTP, different kinases, including CaMKII (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) and protein kinase A, become activated and play critical roles in induction and maintenance of enhanced transmission. Biochemical analyses have revealed several regulated phosphorylation sites in the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor subunits, GluR1 and GluR4. The regulated insertion of these receptors is a key event in the induction of LTP. Here, we discuss the phosphorylation of GluR1 and GluR4 and its role in receptor delivery and neuronal plasticity.

Silent glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 735-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
John TR Isaac ◽  
Roger A Nicoll ◽  
Robert C Malenka
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Glutamatergic Synapses ◽  
Synaptic Localization ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Ampa And Nmda Receptors

Excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain is mediated primarily by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors that are thought to be co-localized at individual synapses. However, recent electrophysiological and anatomical data suggest that the synaptic localization of AMPA and NMDA receptors may be independently regulated by neural activity. These data are reviewed here and the implications of these findings for the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity are discussed.Key words: glutamate receptor, long-term potentiation (LTP), synaptic plasticity, hippocampus, cortex.

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