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2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
R.S. Kozaeva ◽  
◽  
M.O. Klymenko ◽  
V.О. Kostenko ◽  
◽  
...  

We addressed the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammatory response (SIR) in the development of oxidative-nitrosative stress in the salivary glands of rats under the influence of alcohol. Ethanol (40%) at the dose of 24 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally (ip) twice per day for 14 days. SIR was induced by ip administration of LPS (Salmonella typhi) at the dose 0.4 mg/kg for 1 week followed by a weekly LPS administration for 7 weeks. We found that long-term administration of ethanol in the back- ground of LPS-induced SIR increased the circulating level of proinflammatory markers (TNFa, IL-6) and C-reactive protein and this increase exceeded the respective values when LPS and alcohol were administered separately. Under these conditions, in submandibular salivary glands, the superoxide anion production by mitochondria respiratory chain was increased by 25.9 and 30.5%, by microsomal monooxygenases and NO synthase by 19.0 and 27,1%, by phagocyte NADPH-oxidase by 29.5 and 30.0%. The activity of inducible NO-synthase increased by 15.5 and 83.6%, the concentration of peroxynitrites of alkali and alkali-earth metals elevated by 32.5 and 58, 3%, and S- nitrosothiols raised by 20.2 and 22.7%. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in α-amylase activity and the aquaporin-5 concentration that impairs water and protein excretion by salivary glands. We conclude that adminis- tration of ethanol in the background of LPS-induced SIR results in more pronounced development of oxidative- nitrosative stress in the submandibular salivary glands and more marked dysfunction compared to separate use of LPS and alcohol.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
A.O. Nastenko ◽  
◽  
N.S. Veselovsky ◽  

Long-term potentiation is involved in the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, provides such processes as memory and learning, and allows the nervous system of a living organism to adapt to changing environmental conditions. It is an increase in the efficiency of glutamatergic synapses, which lasts much longer than other types of potentiation in the nervous system. Despite the fact that long-term potentiation has been studied in detail, the physiological mechanisms of its formation, which lead to an increase of synaptic weight, remain incompletely understood. Well known that long-term potentiation is closely dependent on the processes of rapid axonal transport. However, how axonal transport is related to the mechanisms of long-term potentiation induction and expression, what substances are transported through axons, and how they affect the synaptic activity of postsynaptic neurons is currently unknown. We review here the main physiological mechanisms that occur in the neurons of the hippocampus and contribute to the formation of long-term potentiation. The works of recent years devoted to the study of the participation of synaptic tagging, retrograde signaling, morphological modifications and axonal transport in formation of the long-term potentiation are analyzed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
P.K. Tsapenko ◽  
◽  
A.S. Shapovalova ◽  
О.G. Timchenko ◽  
A.N. Golovko ◽  
...  

The studies were performed on male Wistar rats weighing 250-270 with experimental pneumonia (EP) induced by the method of A.M. Kulik. The animals were divided into the following groups: 1 – control; 2 - experimental pneumonia; 3 (first experimental group) - animals, which in parallel with the simulation of pneumonia were intraperitoneally administered uridine at a dose of 0.3 mg/100 g of body weight (daily within 1 week); 4 (second experimental group) - animals in which uridine was administered daily starting from day 4 (at the peak of pneumonia). Animals with EP were examined at 5th (n = 10), 9th (n = 8) and 12th (n = 6) days of the disease development, as well as 1 (n = 5) and 2 (n = 5) months after EP modeling. It was shown that in the first experimental group on the 5th day of EP development, an isoventilator restructuring of respiration was observed. In this group, from day 12 to the end of the study, there was a stenoventilator restructuring of breathing, which was characterized by an increase in tidal volume, alveolar ventilation, oxygen consumption and, accordingly, an increase in oxygen extraction from the alveoli and in the oxygen effect of the respiratory cycle. It can be assumed that in this group, an increase in the intensity of metabolism is provided by the effective activity of the respiratory system. In the second experimental group, isoventilator changes in respiration were observed with a gradual decrease in oxygen consumption and other indicators of the respiratory system efficiency. After 2 months, these changes became significant. Thus, we can talk about significant differences in the effect of uridine on the function of external respiration (i.e., apparently, on the activity of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent K+ channel) during EP, which depended on the period of onset of uridine administration. Application of uridine immediately (1st experimental group) looks more effective and even has a stimulating effect on the respiratory function over a long period of experiment. The administration of uridine starting from the 4 partially normalizes the respiration parameters. However, after 1 month there is a depression of the functions of the respiratory system, which, probably, may further worsen. The reasons for the differences in the identified dynamics require further investigation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
T.A. Shydlovska ◽  
◽  
T.V. Shydlovska ◽  
N.Y. Navalkivska ◽  
◽  
...  

The purpose of our study is to examine the condition of brainstem part of the auditory analyzer based on examination of the short-latent auditory evoked potentials (SLAEP) in 43 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 with disorders of auditory function. We revealed sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) of the I-II degree according to the internation- al classification. The registration of SLAEP was conducted by the system «Eclipse» «Interacoustics» (Denmark). We detected a lengthening of the latent periods of the peaks (LPP) of the II, III, IV and V waves of SLAEP, as well as the inter-peak intervals of I-III and I-V comparing to the control values. So, LPP of III wave SLAEP was 3.85 ± 0.04 ms, and of V wave was 5.83 ± 0.05 ms. According to the severity of DM type II, we divided the patients into two groups: without (group I) and with (group II) complica- tions. A comparative analysis revealed that the values of LPP III wave and also I-III in group 2 not only significantly exceeded the normal values, but also significantly differed from the same indicators in group 1. Thus, the LPP of the III wave of SLAEP was 3.81 ± 0.03 and 3.95 ± 0.05 ms, in group 1 and 2, respectively. In group 2 inter-peak interval I-III was 2.29 ± 0.03 ms, inter-peak interval I-V was 4.21 ± 0.04 ms. This indicates the possible influence of the complicated course of diabetes mellitus II on the development of disorders in the central departments of the auditory analyzer, particular in its brainstem structures. Therefore, among all studied groups of patients with SNHL on the background of DM type II there are a pronounced deviations from the norm in the state of the brainstem part of the auditory analyzer. The obtained data indicate an important role of the state of brainstem part of auditory analyzer in the development of sensorineural hearing disorders in diabetes mellitus type II.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
O.I. Podkovka ◽  
◽  
M.Y. Makarchuk ◽  
N.B. Filimonova ◽  
O.S. Knyr ◽  
...  

We examined the latent periods (LP) of simple sensorimo- tor reaction (SSMR) and peculiarities of brain connectiv- ity during carrying out tests on SSMR in the group of veterans of Joint Forces Operation (JFO) and in military men-patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). To this aim, we used a computer test with coherent analysis of EEG. Differences in brain activation were analyzed by LORETA method. It was shown that the speed of SSMR in the group of JFO veterans was significantly lower than in the con- trol group. The LP of SSMR in the group of JFO veterans were 279 ms vs 258 ms in the control group. Comparative analysis of SSMR LP in the group of JFO veterans and in the group with PTSD as well as group with mTBI did not reveal significant differences. The EEG study and coherent analysis showed a significant decrease in the brain connectivity in the group of JFO veterans compared to control group, especially in the low frequency ranges. There were no significant differences in brain activation between the JFO veterans, PTSD and mTBI patients, but JFO veterans had significantly lower activation of cu- neus, middle occipital gyrus and lingual gyrus compared to control group. Conclusively, in order to detect hidden brain lesions, an additional medical examination may be recommended for JFO veterans.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
T.V. Todoriv ◽  
◽  
M.M. Bagriy ◽  
N.M. Voronych-Semchenko ◽  
◽  
...  

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes of endothelin-1 content, blood lipid spectrum parameters, structural features of coronary vessels of rats with insulin resistance and obesity under conditions of adequate iodine supply and iodine deficiency. For the modeling of insulin resistance, rats were kept on high-fructose, obesity – high-calorie, iodine deficiency – iodine deficiency diets. It was found that the development of insulin resistance, obesity and iodine deficiency was accompanied by an increase of endothelin-1 level in 2.41, 2.31 times and at 80.17% in blood serum, relative to the data in intact animals. Insulin resistance and obesity under conditions of limited iodine supply leads to the significant changes in endothelial dysfunction (increase in the level of endothelin-1 in 3.02 and 2.50 times relative to control and at 67.38 and 39.40% – relative to mono iodine deficiency) and dyslipidemia (increase in the atherogenic factor at 48.08% – 4.20 times relative to isolated insulin resistance, obesity and iodine deficiency). Such changes were consistent with the structural violations. In insulin-resistant animals focal unevenness of the outer and inner contours, their uneven thickness, areas of homogeneous enlightenment were observed under the conditions of iodine deficiency in the arterioles and minor arteries of the myocardium. In obese animals under the conditions of iodine deficiency, the vessels of the microcirculatory bed were dilated and overflown with erythrocytes. Endotheliocytes with nuclei elongated along the wall, in some places there is a swelling of the cytoplasm of endotheliocytes. In the wall of minor arteries there are transparent vacuoles, areas of homogeneous eosinophilia, which are caused by the accumulation of glycoproteins. Thus, the development of insulin resistance and obesity in iodine deficiency is accompanied by more significant changes in endothelial function and an increase in proatherogenic fractions in the blood lipid spectrum, as evidenced by changes in the structural organization of myocardial vessels than with proper iodine supply.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
N.R. Hrytsevych ◽  
◽  
V.V. Vereschaka ◽  
L.І. Stepanova ◽  
N.S. Nikitina ◽  
...  

The aim of the study was to determine the content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF- 1α) in the skin of 40 female rats of different ages (3 and 12 mo) after closure of the wound bed. In each age group composed of 20 rats, 10 rats served as a control group, and in remaining rats a facelift operation was performed and cut wounds on the anterior abdominal wall (5 cm × 0.5 cm) were simulated. The duration of wound surface healing in rats of different age groups was recorded. On the day of complete healing, the animals were killed, and the skin was cut in the areas of the former wound bed. In control rats, the skin was excised in the same places. The content of VEGF, NGF and HIF-1α was determined in the skin by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that in the group of young (3-month-old) rats, complete healing of the wound surface after facelift surgery occurred after 14.0 ± 1.0 days, and on the anterior abdominal wall - after 13.0 ± 1.0 days. In 12-month-old rats, the duration of wound surface healing after facelift surgery and incised wound on the anterior abdominal wall increased to 17.0 ± 1.5 days. In the former wound bed, the content of HIF-1α in young rats increased by 60.7%, and in 12-month-old rats - by 231.6%. In the former wound bed, the content of VEGF and NGF in young rats increased by 14.8 and 11.7%, respectively, and in 12-month-old rats - by 182.4 and 152.6%, respectively. It was concluded that more pronounced hypoxia in the skin after surgery in 12-month-old rats may be the cause of postoperative complications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
O.M. Lynnyk ◽  
◽  
O.I. Osadcha ◽  
H.P. Kozynets ◽  
I.R. Yanchiy ◽  
...  

To study the effect of thermal trauma on the immune response formation, 43 patients aged 16 to 58 with body surface area of burns 20-60% were examined. The neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) and monocytes functional activity, the content of myeloperoxidase and substances with a positive reaction to Schiff’s periodic acid (PAS- stained substances), the cytokines content were determined: interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL- 6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Thermal damage caused changes in the immune response, which were characterized by a pro-inflammatory phase in which innate immunity cells (neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes) acquired high functional activity, producing a higher content of proinflammatory cytokines. On the 2-3rd day after the burn injury in the peripheral blood, the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content was 133.5 ± 21.1 pg/ml, the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) content was 265 ± 115.5 pg/ml, which exceeded the reference values by 5.1 and 10.9 times, respectively. The content of IL-6 on the 2-3rd day was 85.30 ± 13.10 pg/ml. Also a concomitant syndrome of compensatory anti-inflammatory response developed with increasing production of anti-inflammatory IL-4: on the 2-3rd day after burn injury, its content was 268.5 pg/ml, exceeding the reference values by 8.2 times. The content of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was decreased. This suggests that anti-inflammatory cytokines do not compensate for the high content of pro-inflammatory factors. On the 7th-8th day after the burn injury, there was a tendency to further increase the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL- 1β and TNF-α to 148.0 ± 27.0, and 281.2 ± 146.7 pg/ml, respectively, while the content of IL-6 on the 7-8th day was 131.0 ± 11.1 pg/ml, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased slightly, and the content of IL-4 decreased. These changes in the early period of burn disease dynamics, as well as reduced activity of myeloperoxidase and PAS- stained substances NG, point for a functional deficiency of NG, reduced enzymatic activity and cells energy resources decompensation. These changes could clinically lead to SIRS progression and multiorgan dysfunction.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
P.M. Kovalchuk ◽  
◽  
T.A. Shydlovska ◽  

We aimed to analyse voice signals in 40 patients with chronic laryngitis elicited by exposure to chemical factors. We ex- amined 20 people with catarrhal chronic laryngitis (group 1), 20 people with subatrophic chronic laryngitis (group 2) and 15 healthy volunteers as controls. All subjects underwent acoustic examination of the voice signal using the software Praat V 4.2.1. We studied acoustic measures as follows: Jitter, Shimmer and NHR (noise-to-harmonics ratio). The analysis of the obtained data revealed statistically significant differ- ences in the average values of Jitter and Shimmer measures, as well as in the ratio of nonharmonic (noise) and harmonic component in the spectrum ( NHR) in patients with chronic laryngitis (groups 1 and 2) compared with controls. In group 1 (chronic catarrhal laryngitis), the average values of acoustic measures such as Jitter, Shimmer and NHR were as follows: Jitter - 0.92 ± 0.1%, Shimmer - 5.31 ± 0.5%, NHR - 0.078 ± 0.04. In group 2 (subatorophic laryngitis), the average values of acoustic measures were: Jitter - 0.67 ± 0.6%, Shimmer - 6.57 ± 0.7% and NHR - 0.028 ± 0.003. The obtained data indicate a pronounced instability of the voice in frequency and amplitude, a significant proportion of the noise component in the spectrum of the voice signal in the examined patients with chronic laryngitis exposed to chemical factors. The most pronounced alterations were found in patients with catarrhal chronic laryngitis. We conclude that the quantitative values of spectral analysis of the voice signal Jitter, Shimmer, NHR may serve as valuable criteria of the degree of voice impair- ment. This may be helpful in determining the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
O.M. Bakunovsky ◽  
◽  
H.V. Lukyantseva ◽  
S.S. Malyuga ◽  
L.T. Kotlyarenko ◽  
...  

We studied the changes in central hemodynamics in the early recovery period after physical load in 28 young men. Dynamic loading was induced using a modified Martine functional test, static loading - by maintaining on the standing dynamometer DS-200 muscle effort in the amount of 50% of maximum standing force. The change in central hemodynamic para- meters was recorded by tetrapolar thoracic impedance rheo- plethysmogram using a computerized diagnostic complex «Cardio +». Dynamic exercise during early recovery did not lead to a significant increase in heart rate, however, it caused a decrease in the resistance of resistive blood vessels and an increase in pulse blood pressure. The increase in minute blood volume in our study is mainly due to an increase in stroke volume, pointing for high functional reserves of the heart. In the case of static physical activity, the adaptive reactions of central hemodynamics and the course of the processes of early recovery of the circulatory system are radically different from similar indicators during dynamic physical activity. In subjects with a normodynamic type of response of the cardiovascular system to dynamic load, no significant changes in the minute volume of blood flow were registered at a similar volume of active muscle mass static load. In subjects with a normodynamic type of cardiovascular response to dynamic load, no significant changes in cardiac output were observed at a similar static load in terms of active muscle mass. However, during early recovery period, the total peripheral vascular resistance and systolic arterial pressure were increased. The increase in total peripheral resistance may be due to reactive hyperemia in ischemic skeletal muscle caused by increased blood flow to the capillaries after muscle relaxation and delayed outflow into the veins. The significant increase in systolic blood pressure can be explained by the mechanical obstruction of blood flow in the muscle capillaries during prolonged static contraction.


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