The Impact of Covid-19 on the Macro Economy with Special Reference to the USA

The opening of relationships between United States and Cuba could be a drive for a huge increase in the affluence of tourism to Cuba and especially to the coast areas. Cuba has been for many years an important tourist destination for people from many countries, but almost forbidden for US citizens. The proximity of the USA, its amount of population as well as their great acquisition power will increase in a very substantial way the demand for accommodation and other uses in the proximity of the coasts. There will be a need to implement a package of measures that reduce the impact of such sudden increase in the coastal line. On the other hand that augment in tourism could be an opportunity to improve the standard of life of Cubans. The consideration of different possibilities of such development, the analysis of the damages that each one could cause as well as the measures that could avoid, ameliorate or compensate such effects are the goals that are going to be presented in this paper.

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Socio-Technological Aspects of Automation in Public Works Activities

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1987.0243 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 19 (3-4) ◽

pp. 633-643

Author(s):

William F. Garber

Keyword(s):

Industrial Revolution ◽

Work Force ◽

Public Works ◽

Human Society ◽

Training Problem ◽

Total Employment ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

Complete Automation ◽

The Impact

The history of human society is replete with examples of advances in technology overrunning the ability of societal organizations to efficiently handle the resulting massive societal dislocations. The social impacts of the “Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th Centuries” illustrate how profound such effects can be. The automation-computer-robotics revolution now underway also has the potential for serious societal changes. In this regard public works activities are subject to increasing amounts of automation with impacts upon current and net total employment and training needs. To evaluate the present status of automation in the USA, questionnaires were sent to public works authorities in 110 cities or agencies. The current degree of automation, the impact upon employment and the skills now needed by public works employers were queried. It was found that in most cases automation was just starting; but that as complete automation as was possible was inevitable given the increasing complexity of the tasks, the demands of the public and the long term prospects for public works funding. In many cases the candidates now in the work force were not properly trained for automation needs. Retraining and changes in the educational system appeared necessary if the employees now needed were to be continuously available. Public works management as well as several labor organizations appeared to be aware of this need and were organizing to handle the training problem and the changes in employment qualifications now necessary. It appeared to be a consensus that the larger societal effects of automation should be handled by society as a whole.

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Crisis Management in Higher Education in the Time of Covid-19: The Case of Actor Training

Education Sciences ◽

10.3390/educsci11030132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 132

Author(s):

Anna McNamara

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Crisis Management ◽

High Frequency ◽

High Reliability ◽

Actor Training ◽

Management Actions ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

High Frequency Words

The impact of Covid-19 placed Higher Education leadership in a state of crisis management, where decision making had to be swift and impactful. This research draws on ethea of mindfulness, actor training techniques, referencing high-reliability organisations (HRO). Interviews conducted by the author with three leaders of actor training conservatoires in Higher Education institutions in Australia, the UK and the USA reflect on crisis management actions taken in response to the impact of Covid-19 on their sector, from which high-frequency words are identified and grouped thematically. Reflecting on these high-frequency words and the thematic grouping, a model of mindful leadership is proposed as a positive tool that may enable those in leadership to recognise and respond efficiently to wider structural frailties within Higher Education, with reference to the capacity of leaders to operate with increased mindfulness, enabling a more resilient organisation that unlocks the locus of control.

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Comprehensive Overview of Sleep Disorders in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11020142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Oana-Mihaela Plotogea ◽

Madalina Ilie ◽

Simona Bungau ◽

Alexandru Laurentiu Chiotoroiu ◽

Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Disorders ◽

Daily Practice ◽

Chronic Liver ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Chronic Liver Diseases ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

The Usa ◽

The Impact ◽

Reliable Methods

The impact of sleep disorders (SDs) on patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) is tremendous. SDs are frequently encountered among these patients and interfere with their quality of life. This review aims to present the data available so far about the prevalence, phenotypes, and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of SDs in CLD. Moreover, we proposed to search the literature regarding the most reliable methods to assess SDs and the possible therapeutic options in patients with CLD. The main results of this review show that when it comes to prevalence, the percentages reported vary widely between studies performed among populations from the USA or Europe and those coming from Asian countries. Furthermore, it has been proven that SDs may also be present in the absence of neurocognitive disorders attributable to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), which contradicts traditional suppositions where SDs were considered part of the clinical scenario of HE. Currently, there are no specific recommendations or protocols to assess SDs in CLD patients and data about the therapeutic management are limited. Taking into consideration their impact, a protocol for diagnosing and managing SDs should be developed and included in the daily practice of hepatologists.

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Impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19: a modelling study in China and the United States

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043863 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e043863

Author(s):

Jingyuan Wang ◽

Ke Tang ◽

Kai Feng ◽

Xin Lin ◽

Weifeng Lv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Human Mobility ◽

The United States ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Usa ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Potential Impact ◽

The Impact

ObjectivesWe aim to assess the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19 across communities after accounting for community-level factors such as demographics, socioeconomic status and human mobility status.DesignA retrospective cross-sectional regression analysis via the Fama-MacBeth procedure is adopted.SettingWe use the data for COVID-19 daily symptom-onset cases for 100 Chinese cities and COVID-19 daily confirmed cases for 1005 US counties.ParticipantsA total of 69 498 cases in China and 740 843 cases in the USA are used for calculating the effective reproductive numbers.Primary outcome measuresRegression analysis of the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the effective reproductive number (R value).ResultsStatistically significant negative correlations are found between temperature/relative humidity and the effective reproductive number (R value) in both China and the USA.ConclusionsHigher temperature and higher relative humidity potentially suppress the transmission of COVID-19. Specifically, an increase in temperature by 1°C is associated with a reduction in the R value of COVID-19 by 0.026 (95% CI (−0.0395 to −0.0125)) in China and by 0.020 (95% CI (−0.0311 to −0.0096)) in the USA; an increase in relative humidity by 1% is associated with a reduction in the R value by 0.0076 (95% CI (−0.0108 to −0.0045)) in China and by 0.0080 (95% CI (−0.0150 to −0.0010)) in the USA. Therefore, the potential impact of temperature/relative humidity on the effective reproductive number alone is not strong enough to stop the pandemic.

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Economics of respiratory disease in dairy replacement heifers

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252320000250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 143-148

Author(s):

Michael W. Overton

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Milk Production ◽

Incident Case ◽

Data Set ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

On Farm ◽

The Impact ◽

Selective Culling

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease concern in dairy cattle and is most commonly diagnosed in young dairy heifers. The impact of BRD is highly variable, depending on the accuracy and completeness of detection, effectiveness of treatment, and on-farm culling practices. Consequences include decreased rate of weight gain, a higher culling risk either as heifers or as cows, delayed age at first service, delayed age at first calving, and in some cases, lower future milk production. In this data set of 104,100 dairy replacement heifers from across the USA, 36.6% had one or more cases diagnosed within the first 120 days of age with the highest risk of new cases occurring prior to weaning. Comparison of the raising cost for heifers with BRD and those without a recorded history of BRD resulted in an estimated cost per incident case occurring in the first 120 days of age of $252 or $282, depending upon whether anticipated future milk production differences were considered or not. Current market conditions contributed to a cost estimate that is significantly higher than previously published estimates, driven in part by the losses associated with selective culling of a subset of heifers that experienced BRD.

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The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Sustainable Indexes

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1846 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Helen Chiappini ◽

Gianfranco Vento ◽

Leonardo De Palma

Keyword(s):

Abnormal Returns ◽

Nonparametric Tests ◽

Market Growth ◽

Bear Market ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Screening Strategies ◽

The Usa ◽

Sustainable Investment ◽

Sustainable Investments ◽

The Impact

This paper analyzes the response of sustainable indexes to the pandemic lockdown orders in Europe and the USA, contributing to both the research on the effects of the global pandemic outbreak and the resiliency of sustainable investments under market distress. Our results demonstrate that sustainable indexes were negatively impacted by lockdown orders; however, they did not show statistically significant different abnormal returns compared to traditional indexes. Similarly, our empirical results confirm that sustainable screening strategies (negative, positive, best in class) did not have an influence during such announcements. These results are robust across several model specifications and robustness tests, including nonparametric tests, generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (GARCH) estimation of abnormal returns, and alternative events. The findings suggest that investors do not have to pay the price for the investments in sustainable assets when a bear market occurs; consequently, ceteris paribus, these investments appear suitable for financial-first investors. Such results have relevant practical consequences in terms of sustainable investment attractiveness and market growth.

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What Should We Know About the Origins of International Investment Law?

International Journal of Legal Information ◽

10.1017/jli.2020.27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 122-131

Author(s):

Sarah M. Alshahrani

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Historical Context ◽

Developed Countries ◽

International Investment ◽

Arab Countries ◽

International Investment Law ◽

The Usa ◽

Investment Law ◽

Investment Treaties ◽

The Impact

AbstractInternational investment law, particularly the global backlash against investment treaties, has evolved recently. This article aims to clarify how international investment law evolved over history, from the early Arab traders in the 7th century to the Ottoman Empire, to understand its hidden aims. It investigates the practice of signing investment treaties, which appear first during the Fatimid Caliphate2 and Mamluk Sultanate3 periods. It then explains when control over foreign investment started to diminish during the Ottoman Empire period.4 Further, it explains the links between the USA Friendship, Commerce and Navigation treaties (FCNs), and current investment treaties, explaining the impact of colonization and imperialism on drafting treaty provisions. Within this historical context, this article illustrates the need to understand the roots of international investment law in order to urge Arab countries to terminate or renegotiate current bilateral investment treaties (BITs) as a number of developing and developed countries have done.

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