Effectiveness of Vaccination During Pregnancy to Prevent Infant Pertussis

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Roger Baxter ◽  
Joan Bartlett ◽  
Bruce Fireman ◽  
Edwin Lewis ◽  
Nicola P. Klein
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Tdap Vaccine ◽  
Infant Dose ◽  
First Year Of Life

BACKGROUND Vaccination against pertussis during pregnancy is recommended to protect newborns, yet there is limited information about the effectiveness of maternal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine before the first infant dose of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and during the first year of life in infants who have received DTaP. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study of infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2010 to 2015, we estimated the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination for protecting newborns against pertussis in the first 2 months of life and in the first year of life accounting for each infant DTaP dose. RESULTS Among 148 981 newborns, the vaccine effectiveness of maternal Tdap was 91.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.5 to 99.1) during the first 2 months of life and 69.0% (95% CI, 43.6 to 82.9) during the entire first year of life. The vaccine effectiveness was 87.9% (95% CI, 41.4 to 97.5) before infants had any DTaP vaccine doses, 81.4% (95% CI, 42.5 to 94.0) between doses 1 and 2, 6.4% (95% CI, −165.1 to 66.9) between doses 2 and 3, and 65.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 87.8) after infants had 3 DTaP doses. CONCLUSIONS Maternal Tdap vaccination was highly protective against infant pertussis, especially in the first 2 months of life. Even after infant DTaP dosing, there was evidence of additional protection from maternal Tdap vaccination for the first year of life. This study strongly supports the United States’ current recommendation to administer Tdap during each pregnancy.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-675 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
National Office ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Registration Area

CONTINUOUS decline in infant mortality has been maintained in national figures since 1936. Prior to this the preceding 20 years had witnessed a steady downward trend although there had been occasional annual interruptions. Final figures for 1948, issued by The National Office of Vital Statistics in Special Reports, Vol. 35, Number 13, p. 188, August 23, 1950, indicate a total of 113,169 deaths under 1 year of age as having [See Chart I in source pdf.] been registered in the United States. This represents a rate of 32.0 per 1,000 live births, the lowest in our history. Chart 1 indicates the trend in the "Expanding Birth Registration Area" since 1915. In that year the "Area" was set up with 10 states and the District of Columbia. In 1933, with the admission of Texas, the "Area" included all 48 states. Over the 33 year period the decline in total infant mortality has been more than two thirds. The different periods of the first year of life have not, however, shared equally in the decline. The second half of the year has had the most favorable experience with a decline of 85%, while the first day has had the least decline, less than one third.

COMPLICATIONS OF SMALLPOX VACCINATION UNITED STATES 1963

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-923
Author(s):  
John M. Neff ◽  
Ronald H. Levine ◽  
J. Michael Lane ◽  
Ernest A. Ager ◽  
Helen Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
First Year ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
More Care ◽  
First Year Of Life

Four thousand nine hundred physicians in four states, representing 4.8% of the population of the United States, were surveyed in order to assess the frequency and types of complications that occurred during 1963 in association with smallpox vaccination. Four hundred ninety-one physicians initially reported observing 810 complications during this year. On follow-up of these cases, many were not actually complications or were complications that occurred in a year other than 1963. Accidental infection was the most common complication. Generalized vaccinia and eczema vaccinatum occurred at a frequency of 238 and 80, respectively, per million primary vaccinations. Severe complications were infrequent. No deaths and only one case each of post-vaccinal encephalitis and vaccinia necrosum were detected. The high frequency of many preventable complications and the disproportionate frequency of complications in infants suggest that morbidity and mortality now associated with smallpox vaccination could be significantly reduced if primary vaccination could be deferred until after the first year of life and if more care were taken to detect individuals in whom complications can be expected to occur.

The Effect of Birth Month on the Risk of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization in the First Year of Life in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. e135-e140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Calderón Lloyd ◽  
Larissa May ◽  
Daniel Hoffman ◽  
Richard Riegelman ◽  
Lone Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Birth Month ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Competing effects on the average age of infant death

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Alexander ◽  
Leslie Root
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Approximation Formula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
First Year Of Life

In recent decades, the relationship between the average length of life for those who die in the first year of life — the lifetable quantity 1𝑎0 — and the level of infant mortality, on which its calculation is often based, has broken down. The very low levels of infant mortality in the developed world correspond to a range of 1𝑎0 quantities. We illustrate the competing effect of falling mortality and reduction in preterm births on 1𝑎0, through two populations with very different levels of premature birth — infants born to non-Hispanic white mothers and to non- Hispanic black mothers in the United States. Through simulation, we further demonstrate that falling mortality reduces 1𝑎0, while a reduction in premature births increases it. We use these observations to motivate the formulation of a new approximation formula for 1𝑎0 in low- mortality contexts, which is a function of both the infant mortality rate and the ratio of infant to under-five mortality. Model results and validation show that this model outperforms existing alternatives.

INFANT MORTALITY RATES FOR THE TOWN OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1782 AND 1783

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
True Index ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Town

The infant mortality rate for a single New England town for the years 1782 and 1783 cannot be used as a true index of this statistic for the 13 states which made up the United States during the 1780's. As we lack data concerning infant mortality for the country as a whole during this period, information about the mortality of infants in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, where all births were recorded, should be of interest to pediatricians. Doctor Edward A. Holyoke of Salem in a letter to Mr. Caleb Garnett, the Recording Secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, gave these figures for the town of Salem: In 1782 there were 311 live-born infants and of these 36 died before they reached their first birthday, for an infant mortality rate of 115. In 1783 of 374 live-born infants, 38 died during their first year of life, for an infant mortality of 102. When one recalls that the rate for 1915 in the United States was 100, the infants, at least in Salem, did not fare too badly.

The Changing Face of Anemia in Infancy

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Elinor A. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Work Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Iron Nutrition ◽  
First Year ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
First Year Of Life

Introduction The pattern of anemia in infancy is changing in North America. The major factors contributing to anemia include iron endowment at birth, adequacy of dietary iron, frequency of infection, and the genetic background of a child. The characteristics of all of these factors are changing in the pediatric population. As more premature infants survive, their inadequate birth endowment of iron results in iron deficiency at an earlier age. Because of widespread use of iron-fortified formulas or iron supplementation with breastfeeding, iron deficiency now causes less anemia in the first year of life. As iron nutrition of infants has improved, anemia associated with infection has been identified more frequently. Increased work force participation of mothers has resulted in more exposure to infections by infants in child care. An increase in the percentage of children who are of Asian and African genetic backgrounds has increased the prevalence of inherited hemoglobin disorders among children. Newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies has resulted in more frequent identification of these disorders. Decline in the socioeconomic status of children in the United States adds to the complexity of this picture. More than one factor often produces anemia in an infant from a poor family, and the anemia may have a greater impact on the psychosocial development of a child from a low-income background.

EVALUATION OF THE ROUTINE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF INFANTS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE: REVIEW

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
First Year ◽  
Paramedical Personnel ◽  
First Year Of Life

This paper focuses attention once again on the appropriate role the pediatric assistant, nurse-practitioner, or pediatric associate may play in relieving the physician of some of the routines of physical examination. The relatively low yield (1.9%) of significant abnormalities detected by pediatricians in the course of routine physical examinations is studied during the first year of life. The assumption is made, but not documented, that, with appropriate training, paramedical personnel could detect these abnormalities. The cost-effectiveness aspects of this question can no longer be ignored because of pressing necessity to reduce overall cost of pediatric care generally and to spread the administrative talents and diagnostic skills of the pediatrician to encompass the greater needs of health care in the United States. Purposely ignored here is the role of the physician in parent and early childhood education, support for parental anxiety, and reorientation of abnormal behavior in parents and infant. All of these are important issues and must not be neglected in the overall picture of care delivery. Yet, these aspects of routine care can perhaps be adequately met by a carefully planned and supervised program of reading, group discussions, and audiovisual education, together with appropriate referral by paramedical personnel on specific indication of parental or child need for physician attention. It is also apparent that the high yield in physical abnormalities is on examination during the newborn period and the first or second month. These may be the times for the pediatrician to establish personal contact with parents and baby so that delegation of the succeeding, more routine examinations to other members of the closely cooperating team may be effected as is appropriate to the physical and emotional situation.

scholarly journals Temporal variation in winter flounder recruitment at the southern margin of their range: is the decline due to increasing temperatures?

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 2186-2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Able ◽  
T. M. Grothues ◽  
J. M. Morson ◽  
K. E. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Juvenile Abundance ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract The southern-most stock of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), a cold temperate species of the Northwest Atlantic, has not recovered from overfishing despite continued restrictive measures, and appears to be contracting northward. We regressed larval and settled juvenile abundance (after accounting for adult and larval contribution to variation, respectively) on temperature over several decades from collections in New Jersey, the United States, at the southern edge of their range to determine if increasing temperatures during the first year of life were responsible for this contraction. A significant stock–recruitment relationship at both stages was moderate, explaining 27.5% of the variance for larvae on adults and 20.6% for juveniles on larvae. There was no significant effect of average monthly temperature in explaining variance of the residuals for larvae, or of degree day on explaining the abundance of residuals for juveniles over a months-long settlement period. However, in both cases, residuals were widely distributed at cold temperatures, while they were always low at warm temperatures. Thus, years in which spring temperatures were warm (5–7oC for February, 7–9 for March, and 11–20 for May) always experienced poor recruitment. This threshold effect may result from an intersection with predators in response to temperature, and this may play a more important role than heat stress in determining recruitment success.

scholarly journals Genetic and Epigenetic Contributions to Child Heath Outcomes in the STRONG Kids 2 Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 941-941
Author(s):  
Fatma Kadayifci ◽  
Sharon M Donovan ◽  
Margarita Teran-Garcia ◽  
Yuan-Xiang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strong Kids ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Stable Growth ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Objectives Childhood obesity is becoming a significant health concern in the United States, and the prevalence of excess weight increases continuously throughout the growing years. It has been proposed that genetic variation partly contributes to the susceptibility of obesity and its development during the early onset. Thus, this study focuses on the determination of the genome-wide signatures (GWAS) and epigenomic signatures (EWAS) of divergent weight for length z scores (WFLZ) in the first year of life. In addition, it attempts to relate the molecular findings to body composition, BMI, adipose tissue deposition, in the first 5 years of life. Our objective is to generate novel preliminary data on the contributions to child health outcomes. Our approach involves integrating genetic and epigenetic variations with factors such as diet and growth. Methods Initially, saliva samples of 426 children from SKP cohort were collected. Next, height and weight measurements were collected at intervals of 6 weeks, 3, 12, and 18 months, and 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Measures such as maternal height and weight were also collected at the time points mentioned above. Furthermore, children were separated into three groups based on their WFLZ score trajectories (low-slow raising growth, mid stable growth and low-high rising growth) and it was demonstrated that there was a biological variation within the groups to investigate the genetic regulation of development in early life. For genomic analysis, DNA was extracted from infant saliva samples, fixed and quantified to used for genomic analysis. Results After statistical analysis 96 samples were chosen and genotyping were carried out using Illimuna Systems. Further results will be discussed at Nutrition 2021 Online. For the epigenetic analysis, EWAS analysis will be conducted and 850,000 methylation sites further will be investigated. We hypothesize that divergent growth factors in the first year of life will represent a unique epigenomic pattern and reveal new genetic targets modified by environmental variables. Conclusions This cohort study will provide valuable information about growth trajectories and genome and epigenome in the first 5 y of life. Funding Sources University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, FIRE Grant

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