scholarly journals Competing effects on the average age of infant death

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Alexander ◽  
Leslie Root
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Approximation Formula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
First Year Of Life

In recent decades, the relationship between the average length of life for those who die in the first year of life — the lifetable quantity 1𝑎0 — and the level of infant mortality, on which its calculation is often based, has broken down. The very low levels of infant mortality in the developed world correspond to a range of 1𝑎0 quantities. We illustrate the competing effect of falling mortality and reduction in preterm births on 1𝑎0, through two populations with very different levels of premature birth — infants born to non-Hispanic white mothers and to non- Hispanic black mothers in the United States. Through simulation, we further demonstrate that falling mortality reduces 1𝑎0, while a reduction in premature births increases it. We use these observations to motivate the formulation of a new approximation formula for 1𝑎0 in low- mortality contexts, which is a function of both the infant mortality rate and the ratio of infant to under-five mortality. Model results and validation show that this model outperforms existing alternatives.

INFANT MORTALITY RATES FOR THE TOWN OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1782 AND 1783

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
True Index ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Town

The infant mortality rate for a single New England town for the years 1782 and 1783 cannot be used as a true index of this statistic for the 13 states which made up the United States during the 1780's. As we lack data concerning infant mortality for the country as a whole during this period, information about the mortality of infants in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, where all births were recorded, should be of interest to pediatricians. Doctor Edward A. Holyoke of Salem in a letter to Mr. Caleb Garnett, the Recording Secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, gave these figures for the town of Salem: In 1782 there were 311 live-born infants and of these 36 died before they reached their first birthday, for an infant mortality rate of 115. In 1783 of 374 live-born infants, 38 died during their first year of life, for an infant mortality of 102. When one recalls that the rate for 1915 in the United States was 100, the infants, at least in Salem, did not fare too badly.

Urbanization and Differentials in White and Nonwhite Infant Mortality

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 777-781
Author(s):  
Marion Johnson Chabot ◽  
Joseph Garfinkel ◽  
Margaret W. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Nonwhite Population ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
First Year Of Life

This study analyzes infant deaths in the United States, 1962 to 1967, by place of residence, to determine to what degree variations in age at death are related to degree of urbanization and race. Results of the study indicate that: (1) after one day of life infant mortality increases progressively as degree of urbanization decreases; (2) the differences between urban and rural death rates are greatest in the posthebdomadal (1 week or older) period; (3) in all age groups at all levels of urbanization, the nonwhite infant is at a marked disadvantage relative to the white infant; (4) the older the infant, the greater the disadvantage for nonwhite infants in rural areas; (5) had the white infant mortality rate prevailed among the nonwhite population over the six-year period from 1962 to 1967 an estimated annual total of 11,597 nonwhite infants would have survived their first year of life; (6) 40% of the excess deaths are in infants under 7 days and 60% in the posthebdomadal period; (7) fetal death rates increase progressively as degree of urbanization decreases, complementing a direct relationship between under 1 day mortality and urbanization resulting in a level trend for perinatal mortality.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-675 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
National Office ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Registration Area

CONTINUOUS decline in infant mortality has been maintained in national figures since 1936. Prior to this the preceding 20 years had witnessed a steady downward trend although there had been occasional annual interruptions. Final figures for 1948, issued by The National Office of Vital Statistics in Special Reports, Vol. 35, Number 13, p. 188, August 23, 1950, indicate a total of 113,169 deaths under 1 year of age as having [See Chart I in source pdf.] been registered in the United States. This represents a rate of 32.0 per 1,000 live births, the lowest in our history. Chart 1 indicates the trend in the "Expanding Birth Registration Area" since 1915. In that year the "Area" was set up with 10 states and the District of Columbia. In 1933, with the admission of Texas, the "Area" included all 48 states. Over the 33 year period the decline in total infant mortality has been more than two thirds. The different periods of the first year of life have not, however, shared equally in the decline. The second half of the year has had the most favorable experience with a decline of 85%, while the first day has had the least decline, less than one third.

scholarly journals Case-control study on infant mortality in Southern Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Giane Mendes ◽  
Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto ◽  
Juvenal Soares Dias da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with infant mortality and, more specifically, with neonatal mortality. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in the municipality of Caxias do Sul, Southern Brazil. Characteristics of prenatal care and causes of mortality were assessed for all live births in the 2001-2002 period with a completed live-birth certificate and whose mothers lived in the municipality. Cases were defined as all deaths within the first year of life. As controls, there were selected the two children born immediately after each case in the same hospital, who were of the same sex, and did not die within their first year of life. Multivariate analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: There was a reduction in infant mortality, the greatest reduction was observed in the post-neonatal period. The variables gestational age (<36 weeks), birth weight (<2,500 g), and 5-minute Apgar (<6) remained in the final model of the multivariate analysis, after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal conditions comprise almost the totality of neonatal deaths, and the majority of deaths occur at delivery. The challenge for reducing infant mortality rate in the city is to reduce the mortality by perinatal conditions in the neonatal period.

scholarly journals Evolution of infant mortality in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Yu.G. Antipkin ◽  
◽  
R.V. Marushko ◽  
E.A. Dudina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Perinatal Audit ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
First Year Of Life

Over the past decades in Ukraine, the unfavorable indicators of population reproduction, the state of health of women and children, acquired in the previous period, have become persistent, one of the integrative indicators of which is the mortality of children under one year of age. The infant mortality rate is a sensitive indicator of the general sanitary and socio$economic well-being of the country, a strategic indicator of the health and survival of children, the level and quality of medical and social care, and the effectiveness of obstetric and pediatric services. Purpose — to study, analyze and determine the general and regional features of the state and dynamics of infant mortality and its components in Ukraine. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis and assessment of the dynamics of infant mortality in Ukraine for the period 1990–2019 was carried out in the context of regions and separate states according to state and industry statistics, perinatal audit for the methodology of the WHO «MATRIX-BABIES». Methods of a systematic approach, statistical, graphic representation are applied. Results. The study found that the unfavorable demographic situation in Ukraine is accompanied by a still high, with a positive trend, the mortality rate of children in the first year of life — 12.8‰ in 1990, and 7.0‰ in 2019 (loss rate — 30.9%), a direct dependence of infant mortality rates on indicators of total fertility (r=0.340) and morbidity in children in the first year of life (r=0.888) was found with an excess of mortality under 1 year in boys compared with girls (OR with 95% CI 1.1 (1.0–1.2). Infant mortality rates are relatively low, below the average for Ukraine, in Vinnitsa, Volyn, Kyiv, Lviv, Poltava, Ternopil, Khmelnitsky regions and City Kyiv, and above average — in Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Transcarpathian, Kharkiv regions. The decrease in the overall infant mortality rate was due to the positive dynamics of all its components — early neonatal (5.8‰ in 1990, 3.04‰ in 2019), neonatal (7.3‰, 4.57‰) and postneonatal mortality (5.7‰, 2.52‰, respectively) with a more intensive decrease in postneonatal mortality (rate of decline — 55.8%). However, there are doubts that the registered data on neonatal mortality, as well as on infant mortality in general, are real, since according to the perinatal audit data, the «MATRIX-BABIES» method revealed an underestimation of early neonatal mortality — an underestimation of its real level in general by 2.1–2.3 times. It is shown that the infant mortality rate has decreased from all the main causes of mortality with a more accelerated rate of decrease in infant losses from exogenous, manageable causes — respiratory diseases (rate of decline — 83.7%), infectious and parasitic diseases (rate of decline — 80.7%). At the same time, the key causes of mortality in children under 1 year of age throughout the entire observation period remain separate conditions that arise in the perinatal period (52.8–38.4 per 10,000 live births) and congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (38,6–17.2 per 10,000 live births). It was found that against the background of a decrease in infant losses in the structure of infant mortality by 43.2%, the part of mortality from certain conditions of the perinatal period increased with a significant decrease in the part of losses from exogenous causes of death — respiratory diseases by 66.7%, some infectious and parasitic diseases by 57.8%. Conclusions. In general, despite the positive dynamics of all components of infant mortality, its level characterizes a pronounced lag behind developed countries, and according to the rating of the countries of the world as of 2018, Ukraine ranks 61st among 193 countries of the world and administrative territories without state status. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: infant mortality, morbidity, newborns, children in the first year of life.

Explaining the 2001–2002 Infant Mortality Increase in the United States: Data from the Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian F. MacDorman ◽  
Joyce A. Martin ◽  
T. J. Mathews ◽  
Donna L. Hoyert ◽  
Stephanie J. Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Very Low Birthweight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Very Preterm Infants ◽  
Mortality Increase ◽  
Very Low Birthweight Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life

The U.S. infant mortality rate (IMR) increased from 6.8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 7.0 in 2002, the first increase in more than 40 years. From 2001 to 2002, IMR increased for very low birthweight infants as well as for preterm and very preterm infants. Although IMR for very low birthweight infants increased, most of the increase in IMR from 2001 to 2002 was due to a change in the distribution of births by birthweight and, more specifically, to an increase in infants born weighing less than 750 grams. The majority of infants born at less than 750 grams die within the first year of life; thus, these births contribute disproportionately to overall IMR. Increases in births at less than 750 grams occurred for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic women. Most of the increase occurred among mothers 20 to 34 years of age. Although multiple births contributed disproportionately, most of the increase in births at less than 750 grams occurred among singletons. Three hypotheses were evaluated to assess their possible impact on the increase in less than 750-gram births: possible changes in (1) the reporting of births or fetal deaths, (2) the risk profile of births, and (3) medical management of pregnancy. Although each of these factors may have contributed to the increase, the relative effects of these and other factors remain unclear. More detailed studies are needed to further explain the 2001–2002 infant mortality increase.

Successful Outcomes Of An Infant Sickle Cell Clinic In Luanda, Angola

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 2934-2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T. McGann ◽  
Margarida Muhongo ◽  
Elizabeth McGann ◽  
Vysolela de Oliveira ◽  
Brigida Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Background Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a significant, under recognized contributor to global childhood mortality, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Early diagnosis is critical to enable timely access to care and education, before severe and life-threatening complications develop in the first year of life. Unfortunately, such early and comprehensive care remains largely unavailable for many infants across Africa. In an attempt to reduce the high early mortality associated with SCA, an infant SCA clinic was developed and implemented in the capital city of Luanda, Angola. We describe the early experiences and successful outcomes for infants enrolled in this clinic. Methods Infants were enrolled in the clinic if the diagnosis of SCA was made in the first year of life. The clinic was established in the major public pediatric hospital in Angola, Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino (HPDB). The vast majority of enrolled infants were diagnosed by newborn screening at local maternity hospitals, while some were diagnosed due to clinical suspicion or known family history. Initial clinic visit included intake of demographics such as contact information, family history, and details of basic housing conditions. A dried bloodspot was collected and the diagnosis of SCA was confirmed by isoelectric focusing. All families received sickle cell education and confirmed infants received penicillin prophylaxis (125 mg by mouth twice per day), pneumococcal vaccination series (Prevnar-13), and an insecticide-treated mosquito net for malaria prophylaxis. Results In the first twenty months of the HPDP Infant SCA clinic, 301 infants were enrolled. Eighty-one percent (244/301) were identified through the associated newborn screening program, while the remaining fifty-seven infants presented due to clinical symptoms or known family history. Families live in the urban and poverty-stricken Luanda. The average household has 6.4 people with 2.8 people per bedroom. Only 34.2% of families reported access to water within their household. Despite poverty and difficult housing situations, continued follow-up was extraordinarily high at 97.3%. After the initial visit, only eight families (2.7%) chose not to follow-up – four preferred faith or traditional healing techniques, and four chose follow-up care at a private clinic. With a concentrated effort to track and enable timely follow-up care, there were zero babies truly “lost to follow-up.” For the 167 babies who are now at least one year of age, the calculated infant mortality rate (under 1 year of age) is 6.6%, which compares favorably to the nationally reported infant mortality rate for all children (9.8%). Upon reviewing the 11 deaths, in nearly all cases the families sought appropriate medical care as instructed, and most deaths were likely preventable if appropriate and timely emergency care were available in the community. Conclusions Early mortality associated with SCA can be significantly reduced through early diagnosis and access to care and education, even in countries with few health resources such as Angola. These experiences with a newborn clinic in the urban city of Luanda demonstrate that simple, lifesaving care is feasible and that follow-up and survival is excellent. Although the survival in this Angolan cohort was even better than the national infant mortality rate, the few deaths illustrate gaps in the understanding of emergency SCA care among the healthcare community. It is critical to include education and training of healthcare professionals at all levels of care in any national strategy, so that children with SCA can be promptly triaged and adequately treated for emergent and life-threatening complications. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-728
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
One Year

THE infant mortality rate in 1947 was the lowest on record, according to figures released by the National Office of Vital Statistics of the Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency. The number of deaths under one year recorded in the United States during 1947 was 119,173, or 8,110 more than the number (111,063) reported in 1946. However, this increase reflects the tremendous increase in the number of births during 1947 and not a rise in infant mortality. The relative frequency of infant deaths as [SEE TABLE 1,2 and 3 IN SOURCE PDF] measured by the infant mortality rate decreased from 33.8 per 1,000 live births in 1946 to 32.2 in 1947. Provisional figures indicate a further decline in 1948 to an estimated rate of 31.8. The five leading causes of infant deaths in 1947 and the infant mortality rates for each are: premature birth, 11.1 ; congenital malformations, 4.6; pneumonia and influenza, 3.6; injury at birth, 3,5; and asphyxia and atelectasis, 1.6. These leading causes accounted for 75.7% of all the infant deaths in 1947. This was the first year that asphyxia and atelectasis ranked among the five leading causes of infant deaths and that diarrhea, enteritis and ulceration of the intestines has not been in this group. The number of deaths [See Table 4 in source pdf] under one you and infant mortality rates for selected causes in the United States during 1946 and 1947 are presented in Table 2. The relative frequency of deaths under one year is greatest for the under one day age group and decreases steadily with age. Mortality is higher among nonwhite than white infants deaths and among male than female infants. The number of infants deaths and infant mortality rates in the United States for 1947 by subdivisions of the first year of life, race, and sex, are shown in Table 1.

Krankheiten Der Neugeborenen (Disease of the Newborn)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 818-818
Author(s):  
KONRAD ULICH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease ◽  
First Year Of Life

A short compendium for students and physicians interested in the treatment of disease of the newborn period coming from behind the "Iron Curtain." The book shows an extensive knowledge of the "Free-World" medical literature on such subjects as erythroblastosis fetalis, cytomegalic inclusion disease, toxoplasmosis and other diseases of recent interest. A chapter on infant mortality is extensive and shows a similar decline of the death rate over the last decades as in the United States. The over-all mortality during the first year of life per 1,000 live-born in 1954 shows 49.6 deaths/1,000 in East Germany and 42.2 deaths/ 1,000 in West Germany. Infant mortality in the United States amounted to 26.4 deaths/1,000 in 1955.

PREMATURE CERVICAL CHANGE AND THE USE OF CERVICAL CERCLAGE

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANJU CHANDIRAMANI ◽  
ANDREW H SHENNAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Teaching Assistants ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Spontaneous Preterm Birth ◽  
Cervical Cerclage ◽  
First Year Of Life

Preterm birth and its subsequent consequences continue to be a major challenge worldwide. In the United States in 2004, 12.5% of infants were born preterm, making the annual societal economic burden associated with preterm birth in excess of $26.2 billion (and this is a modest estimate). Spontaneous preterm birth accounts for about 75% of all preterm births; however, at earlier gestations iatrogenic preterm birth accounts for a greater proportion of all preterm births; at 27–28 weeks 50% are iatrogenic. The proportion of babies transferred to the neonatal unit is more than 90% for those born before 33 completed weeks of gestation compared with 31% at 36 weeks; delivery between 33 completed weeks and 36 completed weeks has a relatively low morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, 1 in 3 children born preterm but beyond 32 weeks have educational and behavioural problems at the age of 7, with 1 in 4 children born between 32 and 35 weeks requiring support from non-teaching assistants at school. Although more than 40% of babies at 35 completed weeks show signs of maturity, some still need ventilation at 38 completed weeks. Almost one-fifth of all infants born at less than 32 weeks gestation do not survive the first year of life.

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