Principal Infectious Diseases of Childhood

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-158
Author(s):  
HEINZ F. EICHENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tract Infections

When the reviewer began to peruse this volume, he was unable to put it down until he had completed reading it. The book is full of fascinating items of information, a few of which might be cited: "the common cold and minor respiratory illnesses are most likely caused by the group of bacteria found in upper and lower respiratory tract infections (usually the pneumonococcus, and streptococcus);" "(the etiology of primary atypical pneumonia) is obscure but it is believed that a specific respiratory virus will eventually be recovered;" "meningitis . . . is so serious a disease that one must recommend that most upper and lower respiratory infections be treated with sulfonamide and/or antibiotics;" "(sepsis neonatorum should be treated) with sulfadiazine or some other intravenous sulfonamide."

scholarly journals A study on distribution pattern of lower respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years in a tertiary care centre

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Srinivasa S. ◽  
Shruthi Patel
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Respiratory infections are the leading cause of mortality in children below 5 years in India as well as worldwide. 16% mortality in children below 5 years is attributed to lower respiratory tract infection. Various factors influence the occurrence of the disease like environmental factors, lack of immunization, malnutrition. Present study was conducted to know the distribution pattern of lower respiratory tract infections, common pathogens associated with respiratory infections and risk factors associated with it. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, KIMS Bangalore for a period of 1 year from January 2016 to December 2016. Total of 172 children admitted to ward and ICU with history suggestive of respiratory infection were included in the study after excluding congenital heart problems, congenital lung problems and immunodeficiency state.Results: In the present study, male predominance (59.3%) was observed. The incidence of respiratory tract infection was 17.5%. The common pathogen isolated was streptococcus pneumoniae. Most common respiratory infections included bronchopneumonia followed by bronchiolitis, croup, and lobar pneumonia. The common symptoms were cough, fever and hurried breathing. Anemia was observed in majority of them. Conclusion: Respiratory infections if timely managed, the mortality associated with it can be reduced. Pneumonia is a major killer disease in children below 5 years in India. Understanding the symptoms and signs and time of referral to tertiary centre not only reduces the mortality but it also reduces morbidity. So, it is important to create awareness among the health care personnel regarding common age of presentation of various types of respiratory infection and warning sign. 

scholarly journals Did admissions caused by respiratory infections and asthma decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Onay ◽  
Deniz Mavi ◽  
Yetkin Ayhan ◽  
Sinem Can Oksay ◽  
Gulay Bas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Acute Bronchiolitis ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: COVID-19 outbreak lead to nationwide lockdown on the March 16th, 2020 in Turkey. We aimed to quantitively determine the change in frequency of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and asthma in pediatric population associated with COVID-19. Methods: The electronic medical record data of pediatric population admitted to the emergency department (ED), outpatient and inpatient clinics and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were analyzed with the diagnosis of Influenza, upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI, LRTI) acute bronchiolitis and asthma. The data of the first year of the pandemic was compared with the previous year. Results: In total 112496 admissions were made between April 1, 2019 and March 31, 2021 in our hospital. A decline was observed in ED admissions (-73%) and outpatient clinic (-70%) visits, hospitalizations (-41.5%) and PICU admissions (-42%). The admissions with the diagnosis of Influenza and URTI had a decline from 4.26% to 0.37% (p=0.0001), and from 81.54% to 75.62% (p=0.0001), respectively. An increase was observed in the LRTI, acute bronchiolitis and asthma (from 8.22% to 10.01% (p=0.0001), from 2.76% to 3.07% (p=0.027) and from 5.96% to 14% (p=0.0001), respectively). Conclusions: A dramatic decrease was observed in the number of admissions to ED and inpatient clinics and outpatient clinic visits and PICU admissions, and, when the rates of admissions were compared, the general rate of admissions to ED showed a decrease while inpatient, outpatient clinics and PICU admissions demonstrated an increase during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Ozonated Air Therapy for the Treatment of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections as a Potential Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of Covid 19 Infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Sagar A. Jawale
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Inhalation Therapy ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: In India and worldwide, there are millions of cases of acute respiratory infections annually killing hundreds of thousand people. It also has billions of dollars of losses worldwide. There are frequent outbreaks of deadly infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in Mexico in March 2009, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the current pandemic with Novel CoronaVirus -Covid19. I did my research to find a common effective, safe, and cheap therapynamed as Ozonated air inhalation therapy (OAIT) for respiratory infections. Materials and methods: In the last one year, I treated 21 patients (group A) with upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI and LRTI) with 0.1 ppm Ozonated air inhalation therapy (OAIT). OAIT was given as a monotherapy. In the same time period, 36 patients (group B) were given conventional treatment in the form of antibiotics, anti-histaminic and analgesics kept as control.

Correlations between clinical illness, respiratory virus infections and climate factors in a tropical paediatric population

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
pp. 1884-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. LOH ◽  
F. Y. L. LAI ◽  
E. S. TAN ◽  
K. C. THOON ◽  
N. W. S. TEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYWeekly (August 2003–December 2008) numbers of five common paediatric diseases and the incidence of respiratory viruses were obtained from a children's hospital in Singapore and correlated with climate data using multivariate time-series techniques. Upper respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with the incidences of influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3 combined). Lower respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with only the incidence of RSV. Both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were negatively correlated with relative humidity. Asthma admissions were negatively correlated with maximum temperature and positively correlated with the incidence of influenza B and increasing hours of sunshine. Although sporadic cases of adenovirus infection were identified, not enough cases were available for a more detailed analysis. Gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections, included as control diseases, were not correlated significantly with any climate parameters. These correlations are compatible with current understanding of respiratory virus survival under certain climate conditions and may assist the prediction of disease burdens and hospital resource planning in such tropical environments.

scholarly journals Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Treated at the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hien T. Pham ◽  
Phuc T. T. Nguyen ◽  
Sinh T. Tran ◽  
Thuy T. B. Phung
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Improve Patient Management ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Improve Patient

Lower respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by viruses and cause significant morbidity and mortality among children. Early identification of the pathological agent causing these infections is essential to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and improve patient management. Multiplex PCR techniques were recently developed to detect multiple viral pathogens using a single PCR reaction. In this study, we identify viral pathogens in children with respiratory infections. We collected 194 nasopharyngeal aspirates from infants (2–24 months old) with lower respiratory tract infections treated at the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital between November 2014 and June 2015 and assessed the presence of 16 virus types and subtypes by multiplex PCR using the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) assay. Overall, 73.7% of the samples were positive for at least one virus, and 24.2% corresponded to infections with multiple viruses. The most common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus. These viruses were more frequent among younger patients (2–5 months old) and caused symptoms similar to those of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The most common clinical manifestation caused by respiratory tract infection was bronchiolitis. Elevated neutrophils levels were associated with adenovirus infection. Our results showed that the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) can effectively detect multiple viruses causing respiratory infections in children and that the nasopharyngeal aspirates are a good sample choice to detect respiratory viruses in children. Applying this approach in the clinical setting would improve patient management and allow early diagnosis, thus avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Integrating Host Response and Unbiased Microbe Detection for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis in Critically Ill Adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Langelier ◽  
Katrina L Kalantar ◽  
Farzad Moazed ◽  
Michael R. Wilson ◽  
Emily D. Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Validation Cohort ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Airway Microbiome ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) lead to more deaths each year than any other infectious disease category. Despite this, etiologic LRTI pathogens are infrequently identified due to limitations of existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious inflammatory syndromes resembling LRTI further complicate diagnosis. To address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on tracheal aspirates from 92 adults with acute respiratory failure and simultaneously assessed pathogens, the airway microbiome and the host transcriptome. To differentiate pathogens from respiratory commensals, we developed rules-based and logistic regression models (RBM, LRM) in a derivation cohort of 20 patients with LRTI or non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in an independent validation cohort of 24 patients, both models achieved accuracies of 95.5%. We next developed pathogen, microbiome diversity, and host gene expression metrics to identify LRTI-positive patients and differentiate them from critically ill controls with non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in the validation cohort, the pathogen metric performed with an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.86 - 1.00), the diversity metric with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 – 0.98), and the host transcriptional classifier with an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI = 0.75 – 1.00). Combining these achieved a negative predictive value of 100%. This study suggests that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome may hold promise as a novel tool for LRTI diagnosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide yet remain challenging to diagnose because of limitations in existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious respiratory syndromes that resemble LRTI further complicate diagnosis and confound targeted treatment. To address this, we developed a novel metagenomic sequencing-based approach that simultaneously interrogates three core elements of acute airway infections: the pathogen, airway microbiome and host response. We studied this approach in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and found that combining pathogen, microbiome and host gene expression metrics achieved accurate LRTI diagnosis and identified etiologic pathogens in patients with clinically identified infections but otherwise negative testing.

scholarly journals Integrating Host Response and Unbiased Microbe Detection for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis in Critically Ill Adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Langelier ◽  
Katrina L Kalantar ◽  
Farzad Moazed ◽  
Michael R. Wilson ◽  
Emily Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Validation Cohort ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) lead to more deaths each year than any other infectious disease category(1). Despite this, etiologic LRTI pathogens are infrequently identified due to limitations of existing microbiologic tests(2). In critically ill patients, non-infectious inflammatory syndromes resembling LRTI further complicate diagnosis. To address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on tracheal aspirates from 92 adults with acute respiratory failure and simultaneously assessed pathogens, the lung microbiome and the host transcriptome. To differentiate pathogens from respiratory commensals, we developed rules-based and logistic regression models (RBM, LRM) in a derivation cohort of 20 patients with LRTI or non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in an independent validation cohort of 24 patients, both models achieved accuracies of 95.5%. We next developed pathogen, microbiome diversity, and host gene expression metrics to identify LRTI-positive patients and differentiate them from critically ill controls with non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in the validation cohort, the pathogen metric performed with an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.86 - 1.00), the diversity metric with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 – 0.98), and the host transcriptional classifier with an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI = 0.80 – 1.00). Combining all three achieved an AUC of 0.99 (95% CI = 0.97 – 1.00) and negative predictive value of 100%. This study suggests that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome may hold promise as a novel tool for LRTI diagnosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide yet remain challenging to diagnose because of limitations in existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious respiratory syndromes that resemble LRTI further complicate diagnosis and confound targeted treatment. To address this, we developed a novel metagenomic sequencing-based approach that simultaneously interrogates three core elements of acute airway infections: the pathogen, lung microbiome and host response. We studied this approach in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and found that combining pathogen, microbiome and host gene expression metrics achieved accurate LRTI diagnosis and identified etiologic pathogens in patients with clinically identified infections but otherwise negative testing.FundingNHLBI K12HL119997 (Langelier C), NHLBI K23HL123778 (Christensen S), NIAID P01AI091575 and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (DeRisi JL), NHLBI K23 HL136844 (Moazed F), NHLBI R01HL110969, K24HL133390, R35HL140026 (Calfee C), Gladstone Institutes (Pollard KS).

scholarly journals Occupation And Occurrence of Respiratory Infections Among Adults With Newly Diagnosed Asthma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritta S. Jaakkola ◽  
Taina K. Lajunen ◽  
Aino K. Rantala ◽  
Rachel Nadif ◽  
Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Work environments are potential areas for spreading respiratory infections. We hypothesized that certain occupations increase susceptibility to respiratory infections among adults with asthma. Our objective was to compare the occurrence of respiratory infections among different occupations in adults with newly diagnosed asthma.Methods: We analysed a study population of 492 working-age adults with newly diagnosed asthma who were living in the geographically defined Pirkanmaa Area in Southern Finland during a population-based Finnish Environment and Asthma Study (FEAS). The determinant of interest was occupation at the time of diagnosis of asthma. We assessed potential relations between occupation and occurrence of both upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections during the past 12 months. The measures of effect were incidence rate ratio (IRR) and risk ratio (RR) adjusted for age, gender, and smoking habits. Professionals, clerks, and administrative personnel formed the reference group. Results: The mean number of common colds in the study population was 1.85 (95% CI 1.70, 2.00) infections in the last 12 months. The following occupational groups showed increased risk of common colds: forestry and related workers (aIRR 2.20, 95% CI 1.15-4.23) and construction and mining (aIRR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14-2.44). The risk of lower respiratory tract infections was increased in the following groups: glass, ceramic, and mineral workers (aRR 3.82, 95% CI 2.54-5.74), fur and leather workers (aRR 2.06, 95% CI 1.01-4.20) and metal workers (aRR 1.80, 95% CI 1.04-3.10).Conclusions: We provide evidence that the occurrence of respiratory infections is related to certain occupations.

scholarly journals Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care, Review Article

2021 ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
Faisal Suliman Algaows ◽  
Bader Abdulwahab N. Alamer ◽  
Mohammed Abdulhafith R. Alotaibi ◽  
Zahra Nasser A. Aljubran ◽  
Bassam Zaal Hammad Alshammary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Any infectious illness of the upper or lower respiratory tract is classified as a respiratory tract infection (RTI). Acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tracheitis are examples of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). The most prevalent cause of death from lower respiratory infections is pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumonia is a major cause of death globally. new advances in pneumonia diagnosis and treatment have been made, identification of new pathogens as well as the development of newer therapeutic agents like fluoroquinolones, macrolides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and –actam antibiotics. Despite these advancements, respiratory tract infections continue to be a challenge in both the diagnostic and therapeutic domains. Because detecting and treating pneumonia may be difficult, a number of professional organizations have created treatment recommendations. In this review we’ll be looking at LRTIs and pneumonia epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

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