scholarly journals Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care, Review Article

2021 ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
Faisal Suliman Algaows ◽  
Bader Abdulwahab N. Alamer ◽  
Mohammed Abdulhafith R. Alotaibi ◽  
Zahra Nasser A. Aljubran ◽  
Bassam Zaal Hammad Alshammary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Any infectious illness of the upper or lower respiratory tract is classified as a respiratory tract infection (RTI). Acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tracheitis are examples of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). The most prevalent cause of death from lower respiratory infections is pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumonia is a major cause of death globally. new advances in pneumonia diagnosis and treatment have been made, identification of new pathogens as well as the development of newer therapeutic agents like fluoroquinolones, macrolides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and –actam antibiotics. Despite these advancements, respiratory tract infections continue to be a challenge in both the diagnostic and therapeutic domains. Because detecting and treating pneumonia may be difficult, a number of professional organizations have created treatment recommendations. In this review we’ll be looking at LRTIs and pneumonia epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Did admissions caused by respiratory infections and asthma decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Onay ◽  
Deniz Mavi ◽  
Yetkin Ayhan ◽  
Sinem Can Oksay ◽  
Gulay Bas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Acute Bronchiolitis ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: COVID-19 outbreak lead to nationwide lockdown on the March 16th, 2020 in Turkey. We aimed to quantitively determine the change in frequency of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and asthma in pediatric population associated with COVID-19. Methods: The electronic medical record data of pediatric population admitted to the emergency department (ED), outpatient and inpatient clinics and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were analyzed with the diagnosis of Influenza, upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI, LRTI) acute bronchiolitis and asthma. The data of the first year of the pandemic was compared with the previous year. Results: In total 112496 admissions were made between April 1, 2019 and March 31, 2021 in our hospital. A decline was observed in ED admissions (-73%) and outpatient clinic (-70%) visits, hospitalizations (-41.5%) and PICU admissions (-42%). The admissions with the diagnosis of Influenza and URTI had a decline from 4.26% to 0.37% (p=0.0001), and from 81.54% to 75.62% (p=0.0001), respectively. An increase was observed in the LRTI, acute bronchiolitis and asthma (from 8.22% to 10.01% (p=0.0001), from 2.76% to 3.07% (p=0.027) and from 5.96% to 14% (p=0.0001), respectively). Conclusions: A dramatic decrease was observed in the number of admissions to ED and inpatient clinics and outpatient clinic visits and PICU admissions, and, when the rates of admissions were compared, the general rate of admissions to ED showed a decrease while inpatient, outpatient clinics and PICU admissions demonstrated an increase during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Ozonated Air Therapy for the Treatment of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections as a Potential Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of Covid 19 Infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Sagar A. Jawale
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Inhalation Therapy ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: In India and worldwide, there are millions of cases of acute respiratory infections annually killing hundreds of thousand people. It also has billions of dollars of losses worldwide. There are frequent outbreaks of deadly infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in Mexico in March 2009, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the current pandemic with Novel CoronaVirus -Covid19. I did my research to find a common effective, safe, and cheap therapynamed as Ozonated air inhalation therapy (OAIT) for respiratory infections. Materials and methods: In the last one year, I treated 21 patients (group A) with upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI and LRTI) with 0.1 ppm Ozonated air inhalation therapy (OAIT). OAIT was given as a monotherapy. In the same time period, 36 patients (group B) were given conventional treatment in the form of antibiotics, anti-histaminic and analgesics kept as control.

Principal Infectious Diseases of Childhood

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-158
Author(s):  
HEINZ F. EICHENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tract Infections

When the reviewer began to peruse this volume, he was unable to put it down until he had completed reading it. The book is full of fascinating items of information, a few of which might be cited: "the common cold and minor respiratory illnesses are most likely caused by the group of bacteria found in upper and lower respiratory tract infections (usually the pneumonococcus, and streptococcus);" "(the etiology of primary atypical pneumonia) is obscure but it is believed that a specific respiratory virus will eventually be recovered;" "meningitis . . . is so serious a disease that one must recommend that most upper and lower respiratory infections be treated with sulfonamide and/or antibiotics;" "(sepsis neonatorum should be treated) with sulfadiazine or some other intravenous sulfonamide."

A Multicentre General Practice Study Comparing Pivampicillin (Pondocillin) and Amoxycillin (Amoxil) in Respiratory Tract Infections

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Moran
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Practice Study ◽  
Tract Infections

Seven-day courses of either pivampicillin (Pondocillin) 500 mg twice daily or amoxycillin (Amoxil) 250 mg three times daily were compared in a multicentre general practice study in 463 patients with symptoms of upper or lower respiratory tract infections. Patients were stratified into four diagnostic groups: sinusitis, otitis media, throat infections, and acute bronchitis, and randomly allocated to treatment within these groups. There was an over-all response of 93% in the 227 patients receiving 12-hourly pivampicillin compared with 90% for the 236 patients receiving 8-hourly amoxycillin. Patients suffering from acute bronchitis responded significantly better to pivampicillin (Pondocillin) than to amoxycillin. Side-effects were reported by 15·6% of patients in the amoxycillin group and 14·0% in the pivampicillin group.

scholarly journals Change in the use of diagnostic tests in the management of lower respiratory tract infections: a register-based study in primary care

BJGP Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. bjgpopen20X101015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna B Moberg ◽  
Olof Cronberg ◽  
Magnus Falk ◽  
Katarina Hedin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundDifferentiating between pneumonia and acute bronchitis is often difficult in primary care. There is no consensus regarding clinical decision rules for pneumonia, and guidelines differ between countries. Use of diagnostic tests and change of management over time is not known.AimTo calculate the proportion of diagnostic tests in the management of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in a low antibiotic prescribing country, and to evaluate if the use and prescription pattern has changed over time.Design & settingA register-based study on data from electronic health records from January 2006 to December 2014 in the Kronoberg county of south east Sweden.MethodData regarding use of C-reactive protein (CRP), chest x-rays (CXRs), microbiological tests, and antibiotic prescriptions were assessed for patients aged 18–79 years, with the diagnosis pneumonia, acute bronchitis, or cough.ResultsA total of 54 229 sickness episodes were analysed. Use of CRP increased during the study period from 61.3% to 77.5% for patients with pneumonia (P<0.001), and from 53.4% to 65.7% for patients with acute bronchitis (P<0.001). Use of CXR increased for patients with acute bronchitis from 3.1% to 5.1% (P<0.001). Use of microbiological tests increased for patients with pneumonia, from 1.8% to 5.1% (P<0.001). The antibiotic prescription rate decreased from 18.6 to 8.2 per 1000 inhabitants per year for patients with acute bronchitis, but did not change for patients with pneumonia.ConclusionUse of CRP and microbiological tests in the diagnostics of LRTIs increased despite the fact that the incidence of pneumonia and acute bronchitis was stable.

scholarly journals The Basics and the Advancements in Diagnosis of Bacterial Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Noviello ◽  
David Huang
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Tract Infections

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the leading infectious cause of death and the sixth-leading cause of death overall worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae, with more than 90 serotypes, remains the most common identified cause of community-acquired acute bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics treat LRTIs with a bacterial etiology. With the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, defining the etiology of the LRTI is imperative for appropriate patient treatment. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin are point-of-care tests that may differentiate bacterial versus viral etiologies of LRTIs. Major advancements are currently advancing the ability to make rapid diagnoses and identification of the bacterial etiology of LRTIs, which will continue to support antimicrobial stewardship, and is the focus of this review.

scholarly journals Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Treated at the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hien T. Pham ◽  
Phuc T. T. Nguyen ◽  
Sinh T. Tran ◽  
Thuy T. B. Phung
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Improve Patient Management ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Improve Patient

Lower respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by viruses and cause significant morbidity and mortality among children. Early identification of the pathological agent causing these infections is essential to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and improve patient management. Multiplex PCR techniques were recently developed to detect multiple viral pathogens using a single PCR reaction. In this study, we identify viral pathogens in children with respiratory infections. We collected 194 nasopharyngeal aspirates from infants (2–24 months old) with lower respiratory tract infections treated at the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital between November 2014 and June 2015 and assessed the presence of 16 virus types and subtypes by multiplex PCR using the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) assay. Overall, 73.7% of the samples were positive for at least one virus, and 24.2% corresponded to infections with multiple viruses. The most common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus. These viruses were more frequent among younger patients (2–5 months old) and caused symptoms similar to those of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The most common clinical manifestation caused by respiratory tract infection was bronchiolitis. Elevated neutrophils levels were associated with adenovirus infection. Our results showed that the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) can effectively detect multiple viruses causing respiratory infections in children and that the nasopharyngeal aspirates are a good sample choice to detect respiratory viruses in children. Applying this approach in the clinical setting would improve patient management and allow early diagnosis, thus avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals A study on distribution pattern of lower respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years in a tertiary care centre

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Srinivasa S. ◽  
Shruthi Patel
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Respiratory infections are the leading cause of mortality in children below 5 years in India as well as worldwide. 16% mortality in children below 5 years is attributed to lower respiratory tract infection. Various factors influence the occurrence of the disease like environmental factors, lack of immunization, malnutrition. Present study was conducted to know the distribution pattern of lower respiratory tract infections, common pathogens associated with respiratory infections and risk factors associated with it. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, KIMS Bangalore for a period of 1 year from January 2016 to December 2016. Total of 172 children admitted to ward and ICU with history suggestive of respiratory infection were included in the study after excluding congenital heart problems, congenital lung problems and immunodeficiency state.Results: In the present study, male predominance (59.3%) was observed. The incidence of respiratory tract infection was 17.5%. The common pathogen isolated was streptococcus pneumoniae. Most common respiratory infections included bronchopneumonia followed by bronchiolitis, croup, and lobar pneumonia. The common symptoms were cough, fever and hurried breathing. Anemia was observed in majority of them. Conclusion: Respiratory infections if timely managed, the mortality associated with it can be reduced. Pneumonia is a major killer disease in children below 5 years in India. Understanding the symptoms and signs and time of referral to tertiary centre not only reduces the mortality but it also reduces morbidity. So, it is important to create awareness among the health care personnel regarding common age of presentation of various types of respiratory infection and warning sign. 

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