METABOLIC REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 724-732
Author(s):  
John C. Sinclair ◽  
Jon W. Scopes ◽  
William A. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen consumption of 92 normally grown newborn babies of birth weight 750 to 3,940 gm has been expressed in terms of various metabolic reference standards in order to identify any systematic variation in expression of metabolic rate that is introduced by these bases of reference in the newborn population. It is postulated that differences in body composition comprise a contributory factor to the variation among newborn babies in rate of oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight. The predictive error from a mean value is increased if surface area, body weight, or fat-free body weight is substituted for body weight as a metabolic reference standard. By taking into account known changes in body composition of the fetus with increasing maturity, a compartment representing the active tissue mass is calculated. This corresponds closely to body weight minus extracellular fluid and includes fat. Rate of oxygen consumption is proportional to the size of this compartment over the range of body weights studied. Implications are discussed as to the metabolic rate of adipose tissue in the newborn and body composition among undergrown babies.

Age Changes in Body Size, Body Composition and Basal Metabolism

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Conrad ◽  
A. T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Bone Minerals

The interrelations of body size, body composition and basal metabolism were studied in 69 albino rats ranging in age from 18–174 days. The decline in metabolic rate with age was more rapid than would be predicted from the weight0.75 rule which eliminates the influence of body size in interspecific measurements. Body composition analyses indicated that the increase with age in metabolically inert fat and bone minerals was approximately balanced by a corresponding decrease in metabolically inert extracellular fluid, so that ‘active tissue mass’ was virtually unchanged. Calculations based on data in the literature indicate that about one-half the decline in metabolic rate with age may be due to the corresponding decrease in the relative weight of the viscera. The remainder of the decline in metabolic rate must be due to factors other than changes in the chemical or histological composition of the body.

Metabolic Reference Standards for the Newborn, and the Fatness of Big Babies

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-690
Author(s):  
BRUCE D. ACKERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Suitable Standard

In the May 1967 issue of Pediatrics, Sinclair, Scopes, and Silverman discuss metabolic reference standards for neonates. The authors conclude that the most suitable standard is body weight minus extracellular fluid (ECF), since, over a wide range of birth weights, there is a nearly constant value for oxygen consumption (Vo2 per (body weight—ECF). The authors found fat-free weight, as well as several other standards, much less satisfactory, since over the birth weight range studied the value found for Vo2 per fat-free weight varied markedly with body weight.

The Swimming of Nymphon Gracile (Pycnogonida): The Energetics of Swimming at Constant Depth

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
ELFED MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tidal Cycle ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tide Period

1. The mechanical power required by Nymphon for swimming at constant depth has been calculated from drag forces acting on the legs. For an adult male this was found to be 3.4 W kg. Only about 60% of this is used to support the animal's weight in water. 2. The metabolic rate fluctuates spontaneously over a tidal cycle, being greatest during the ebb-tide period. The mean rate of oxygen consumption during the animals least active phase was found to be about 0.1 μlO2 mg−1 h−1. 3. The total carbohydrate and lipid immediately available for combustion have been estimated at 4.64 and 16 μg/mg wet wt respectively. These quantities should be adequate for about 42 h periodic swimming in an adult Nymphon.

Activity before exercise influences recovery metabolism in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (12) ◽  
pp. 1809-1815
Author(s):  
D.A. Scholnick ◽  
T.T. Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Dipsosaurus Dorsalis ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

During recovery from even a brief period of exercise, metabolic rate remains elevated above resting levels for extended periods. The intensity and duration of exercise as well as body temperature and hormone levels can influence this excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). We examined the influence of activity before exercise (ABE), commonly termed warm-up in endotherms, on EPOC in the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis. The rate of oxygen consumption and blood lactate levels were measured in 11 female D. dorsalis (mass 41.1 +/− 3.0 g; mean +/− s.e.m.) during rest, after two types of ABE and after 5 min of exhaustive exercise followed by 60 min of recovery. ABE was either single (15 s of maximal activity followed by a 27 min pause) or intermittent (twelve 15 s periods of exercise separated by 2 min pauses). Our results indicate that both single and intermittent ABE reduced recovery metabolic rate. EPOC volumes decreased from 0.261 to 0.156 ml of oxygen consumed during 60 min of recovery when lizards were subjected to intermittent ABE. The average cost of activity (net V(O2) during exercise and 60 min of recovery per distance traveled) was almost 40 % greater in lizards that exercised without any prior activity than in lizards that underwent ABE. Blood lactate levels and removal rates were greatest in animals that underwent ABE. These findings may be of particular importance for terrestrial ectotherms that typically use burst locomotion and have a small aerobic scope and a long recovery period.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption Rate of Polychaeta Nereis sp. Different Sizes and Type of Feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Eko Setio Wibowo ◽  
Endah Sri Palupi ◽  
I G A Ayu Ratna Puspitasari ◽  
Atang Atang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Biological Aspects

Nereis  sp. contains amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids that can improve the quality of gamete stem cells and the quality of the resulting larvae. Nereis  sp. can increase gamete cell maturation in the parent shrimp up to 70%. This triggers the exploitation these worms excessively in nature since there are no cultivation efforts to meet their needs. This condition encourages research on the biological aspects of Nereis  sp. to complement the information that can support the cultivation of the worms. This research was conducted on Nereis  sp. from the Jeruklegi Cilacap area with different types of feed. This study aims to determine the metabolic rate of the worms Nereis  sp. at different sizes by giving different types of feed. This research use immature Nereis  sp. which was maintained at 15 ppt salinity with three different body weight (0.3-0.6 g; 1.1-1.3 g and 1.8-2.04 g) with three different types of feed (D0 feed, feed flour of Spirulina sp. and ornamental fish feed tetra blitsz). The study was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design (RBD) method with six replications. The results showed the rate of oxygen consumption of Nereis  sp. influenced by the size and type of feed given (P<0.05). Nereis  sp. with size of 0.3-0.6 gr indicates the highest metabolic rate.  Nereis  sp. fed with flour of Spirulina sp. shows the highest metabolic rate.  Appropriate feed to support the growth of Nereis  sp. is D0 and tetra blits (low fiber feed). 

Oxygen sensitivity in the insect Prodenia eridania

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold M. Clark ◽  
V. J. Cristofalo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Oxygen Sensitivity ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Injurious Effects

Both the larval and pupal stages of prodenia eridania are injured by oxygen at increased pressures. The injury is manifested by a reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption, muscular paralysis and failure to develop to the adult stage. In the pupae these effects appear together as a syndrome. Pupae are much more sensitive than larvae. At least 75 psi of oxygen is necessary for injury to larvae while only 45 psi is required to produce injury in the pupae. Injured pupae respire at a rate 2%–5% of the controls while the injured larvae consume oxygen at 60% of the control rate. In attempts to modify this sensitivity by pretreatment with agents which reduce the metabolic rate, it was found that pupae kept at –10°C for 30 minutes before treatment or kept in carbon monoxide or nitrogen for 30 minutes prior to treatment showed none of the injurious effects of oxygen.

Interaction Between Thyroxine and Dibenzyline on Metabolic Rate

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neena B. Schwartz ◽  
Gerald E. Hammond ◽  
Gerald A. Gronert
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Pressor Effect ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Doses of Dibenzyline adequate to block the pressor effect of epinephrine were administered to rats with various degrees of chronic hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Rate of oxygen consumption was measured under barbiturate anesthesia. Dibenzyline decreased or did not change hypothyroid metabolic rates, but increased metabolic rates in hyperthyroid rats. The data indicated that Dibenzyline exerts a synergistic effect with thyroxine on metabolism resembling the previously reported synergism between thyroxine and epinephrine. Apparently discrepant findings presented in the literature regarding the interaction of thyroxine and Dibenzyline probably result from differences in the thyroid status of the experimental animals.

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF THE DWARF CHICKEN

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. RAJARATNAM ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
A. S. WOOD ◽  
E. T. MORAN Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Dwarf Chicken

A study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of hypothyroidism as an explanation for the smaller body size and lower metabolic activity of the recessive sex-linked dwarf chicken. A significant increase in body weight gain and feed intake for dwarf chicks with little change in these parameters for normal chicks receiving a diet supplemented with Protamone (brand name for iodinated casein) suggests a hypothyroidic state for the dwarfs. Similarly, a significantly lower body temperature, oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate with a higher percentage of carcass fat in dwarf chicks as compared with normal ones supports the above hypothesis. Protamone supplementation of the diet increased body temperature and metabolic rate, and altered the carcass composition of the dwarfs to values closer to that of normal chicks, again suggesting a low thyroxine output for the dwarfs.

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