ON THE TREATMENT OF FEVER (IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS) IN FIFTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1028-1028
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
The Third ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
To Come ◽  
Medical Treatises ◽  
Cover Up ◽  
Do So

The treatment of children with a fever, or for any other symptom, was rarely mentioned in most medical treatises compiled before the eighteenth century. One widely used method to treat fevers in English patients, of all ages, during the fifteenth century, was as follows: For Fevers: Take half an ounce of pepper, and kermes (round reddish, pea-sized grains found on scarlet oak trees) half an ounce, and (an equal amount) of ginger, two or three good raisins and make all this into a powder; and then take as much of senvy (mustard) seed as of all these others, and stamp it small in a mortar; and then mingle all these with six spoonfuls of vinegar, and the third part of a quart of stale ale; and seethe it till it be almost boiled away unto eight Sups [about a teaspoonful], and then sip it up and do so three days during (the time of fever) until the cold beginneth to come, and thou shalt be whole on warranty (certainly), for it hath been proved. But when thou dost so, let the bed (either for children or adults) be made with fresh sheets, and cover up warmly, and if thou do so three [days], the patient will shake (shiver, or tremble) no more.1

not establish missions, even though they sometimes desired to do so. The first necessity was a body of people with the degree of commitment needed to live on someone else’s terms, together with the mental equipment for coping with the implications. Such commitment was in turn most likely to arise in the wake of powerful religious influences. Times of religious renewal were nec-essary for the recruitment of a sizeable company of such people, and the maintenance of a succession of them. A tradition of mental training, how-ever, was also needed; charismatic inspiration alone would not suffice, and indeed the plodder might succeed better with a new language and a new soci-ety than the inspired preacher. The second need was for a form of organization which could mobilize committed people, maintain and supply them, and forge a link between them and their work and the wider church. Since in the nature of things both their work and the conditions in which they carried it out were exceptional, the necessary structures could not readily emerge in very rigid regimes, whether political or ecclesiastical. They needed tolerance of the exceptional, and flex-ibility. The third factor necessary to overseas missions was sustained access to overseas locations, with the capacity to maintain communication over long periods. This implies what might be called maritime consciousness, with mar-itime capability and logistical support. All three factors were present in the first, Catholic, phase of the missionary movement. The Catholic Reformation released the spiritual forces to produce the committed worker, the religious orders offered possibilities of extension and adaptation which produced the structures for deploying them, and the Portuguese enclaves and trading depots provided the communication net-works and transoceanic bases. When in the course of the eighteenth century the Catholic phase of missions began to stutter, it was partly because the three factors were no longer fully in place. The Protestant movement developed as the Catholic movement weakened. It began, not at the end of the eighteenth century (that is a purely British per-spective) but at the end of the seventeenth; not in England, but in Germany and Central Europe. Its main motors were in Halle and Herrnhut, though, just as German Pietism drew on the English puritan tradition, it had a puri-tan prologue. William Carey’s Enquiry did not initiate it; the object of that

2003 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Mental Training ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
Do So

Some Emendations in the Text of Maximus of Tyre, Dialexeis 1–21 (Hobein)

1991 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 566-571
Author(s):  
M. B. Trapp
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Editio Princeps ◽  
Do So ◽  
Maximus Of Tyre

All surviving manuscripts of the Dialexeis of Maximus of Tyre descend from the oldest, Parisinus Graecus 1962 (given the siglum R in Hobein's Teubner text of 1910). Where they diverge, they do so as a result either of error or of attempts at correction. The history of the conjectural emendation of the Dialexeis thus begins with the second oldest manuscript, Vaticanus Graecus 1390 (Hobein's U), which dates from the third quarter of the thirteenth century. Since that time, the most significant contributions have come from two scholars, one of the fifteenth century and one of the eighteenth: Zanobi Acciaiuoli, librarian at the monastery of San Marco in Florence, many of whose corrections found their way anonymously into the editio princeps of 1557 via the manuscript used by Stephanus; and Jeremiah Markland, whose ideas are recorded as an appendix to the second, posthumous edition of John Davies's Maximus, published in 1740. J. J. Reiske's edition of 1774–5 and Friedrich Duebner's of 1840 (rev. 1877) also contain valuable material. But the field is by no means yet picked clean: witness most recently the useful articles of Professors Koniaris and Renehan. I offer the following gleanings of my own.

scholarly journals Michele Da Colle’s account books (1462-63): the first example of double entry in Portugal?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Ana Clarinda Cardoso ◽  
Joana Sequeira
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
To Come ◽  
Double Entry

The title of this article puts forward the research question: can the books of the merchant Michele Da Colle be considered as the oldest example of the use of the double entry method in Portugal? Michele was a Tuscan merchant and agent to the Pisan Salviati-Da Colle firm, established in Lisbon as of the second half of the fifteenth century. The first years of his business activity in Portugal are recorded in two account books that are kept today at the Salviati Archive, in the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa. To answer the research question, this article thoroughly examines the characteristics of these documents. The aim is to determine if these records follow the general principles of double entry bookkeeping proposed by different scholars. This investigation thus seeks to contribute to the debate on the introduction of double entry in Portugal via Italian influence.The preliminary analysis of these books shows that we are, indeed, in the presence of double entry records. The example does contain formal imperfections, but it has strong similarities with the context of Tuscan accounting of the time, which can arguably mean that it represents a stage of evolution and development of the double entry method. Since we do not have any other examples, Michele Da Colle’s account books can be considered the earliest records in double entry in Portugal.Evidence also suggests that Italian merchants exerted influence on Portuguese merchants for the adoption of this method, although it didn’t last in the centuries to come. This explains why several Portuguese works on arithmetic from the sixteenth century fail to mention the double entry system, which was only regularly applied in Portugal as of the mid-eighteenth century.

Randal Thomas Mowbray Rawdon Berkeley, Earl of Berkeley, 1865-1942

1942 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 166-182
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Naval Academy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Family Tradition ◽  
The Family ◽  
Historic House ◽  
John Wilkins ◽  
Edward The Confessor ◽  
Pedigree Tracing

Randal Thomas Mowbray Rawdon Berkeley, eighth and last Earl of Berkeley, was head of a historic house which is one of the very few that can rightly claim a pre-Norman pedigree, tracing its descent from Eadnoth, a Saxon Thane, who was Staller to Edward the Confessor. Eadnoth’s grandson, Robert FitzHardinge of Bristol, was rewarded for his loyalty to Queen Maud and her son Henry II by the grant of the Berkeley lands, forfeited by Roger de Berkeley of Dursley who supported Stephen. The only outstanding members of the family through the centuries have been fighting men. Three sailors won great distinction—Thomas, the fifth Lord Berkeley, who was Warden of the Welsh Marches in the fifteenth century and held the seas against Owen Glendower and his French Allies to their great discomfiture; James, the third Earl, K.G., who commanded a frigate at the age of twenty-one and was raised to flag rank at twenty-seven; and Admiral Sir George Cranfield Berkeley, the Lord High Admiral of Portugal in the eighteenth century. George, the first Earl was one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society, John Wilkins, the first secretary, having been domestic chaplain to his father. Randal Berkeley was born in Brussels in 1865, and he became Viscount Dursley in 1882 when his father succeeded his cousin in the Earldom. His mother was Cecile, daughter of Louis, Count de Melfort, whose ancestor John Drummond had followed James II into exile in France. He used to speak of his mother as having ‘a first-class reasoning mind’ and this he certainly inherited from her. His parents lived abroad and he was educated at a lycée at Fontaine- bleau and later at Nice, until he came to England to be coached for the Navy, following the family tradition. He joined the Britannia in 1878, having passed in from Burney’s Naval Academy at Gosport.

PARLIAMENTARY ENCLOSURE, PROPERTY, POPULATION, AND THE DECLINE OF CLASSICAL REPUBLICANISM IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
To Come

ABSTRACTThe pamphlet debate concerning the perceived effects of parliamentary enclosure on property and population in eighteenth-century Britain has been largely neglected by intellectual historians. One consequence of this debate was to undermine the credibility of the classical republican economic vision of agrarian simplicity, due to its proponents' failure to come to terms with the enormous disjunction between ancient and modern economies. Although the enclosure of agricultural land had provoked hostility since at least the fifteenth century, after 1700 its opponents developed new arguments to take account of the legislature's increasingly prominent role in facilitating the process. In doing so, anti-enclosure writers drew on classical republican ideas, arguing that enclosure was contrary to the public interest because it eroded the independence of the yeomanry, valorized by numerous republican authorities as integral to the country's military strength. In their criticisms of modern policy, these writers praised the agrarian laws of the Roman republic, as well as the Tudor tillage acts. The agricultural ‘improvers’, on the other hand, denied the validity of these precedents on the grounds that the historical contingencies which had produced the Roman agrarian laws, or the Tudor tillage acts, were of limited relevance in a society based on the interdependence of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.

Historical Fragments’ Mobile Echo

Transfers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Bell ◽  
Kathy Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Opium War ◽  
The Subject

Translocation – Transformation is an ambitious contribution to the subject of mobility. Materially, it interlinks seemingly disparate objects into a surprisingly unified exhibition on mobile histories and heritages: twelve bronze zodiac heads, silk and bamboo creatures, worn life vests, pressed Pu-erh tea, thousands of broken antique teapot spouts, and an ancestral wooden temple from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) used by a tea-trading family. Historically and politically, the exhibition engages Chinese stories from the third century BCE, empires in eighteenth-century Austria and China, the Second Opium War in the nineteenth century, the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, and today’s global refugee crisis.

The Livable Eighteenth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
James R. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
University Of California ◽  
The Third ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
The University

The third in a set of review articles treating Wye Allanbrook's posthumously published Secular Commedia (University of California Press, 2014). The reviews originated as a panel discussion organized by Edmund J. Goehring at the Mozart Society of America's 2018 meeting at the University of Western Ontario.

Bringing Rain and Protection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barend J. ter Haar
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Supreme Deity ◽  
Do So

Deities were thought to help and protect people, heal them from illnesses, and sometimes also to punish them. And yet, a worshipper was not free to decide what to ask for, but had to work within a collectively created and transmitted paradigm of expectations of the deity. In Northern China, Lord Guan was often requested to provide rain, and everywhere he was asked to assist in the fight against demons and other types of outsiders (barbarians, rebels, or otherwise), or even appeared of his own accord to do so. From the early seventeenth century onwards, Guan Yu was seen as the incarnation of a dragon executed at the command of the Jade Emperor for bringing rain out of compassion to a local community sentenced to extinction by the supreme deity. Finally, his loyal image inspired his rise as a God of Wealth in the course of the eighteenth century.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John West
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Literary History ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Differences

Literary history often positions Dryden as the precursor to the great Tory satirists of the eighteenth century, like Pope and Swift. Yet a surprising number of Whig writers expressed deep admiration for Dryden, despite their political and religious differences. They were particularly drawn to the enthusiastic dimensions of his writing. After a short reading of Dryden’s poem to his younger Whig contemporary William Congreve, this concluding chapter presents three case studies of Whig writers who used Dryden to develop their own ideas of enthusiastic literature. These three writers are Elizabeth Singer Rowe, John Dennis, and the Third Earl of Shaftesbury. These case studies are used to critique the political polarizations of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literary history and to stress instead how literary friendship crossed political allegiances, and how writers of differing ideological positions competed to control mutually appealing ideas and vocabularies.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Phenomenological Tradition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

The Introduction outlines the various chapters. It then situates the question of ‘body’ in the modern Western philosophical tradition following Descartes, and argues that this leaves subsequent responses to come under one of three options: metaphysical dualism of body and subject; any anti-dualist reductionism; or the overcoming of the divide. Describing the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty as a potent example of the third strategy, the Introduction then suggests his philosophy will function as foil to the ecological phenomenology developed and presented in the book. Moreover, one approach within the Western Phenomenological tradition, of treating phenomenology as a methodology for the clarification of experience (rather than the means to the determination of an ontology of the subject) is compared to the approach in this book. Since classical India, while understanding dualism, did not confront the challenge of Descartes (for better or for worse), its treatment of body follows a different trajectory.

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