Rapidly Administered Hypertonic Solutions

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-154
Author(s):  
Robert L. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Total Dose ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Clinically Significant

The article "Clinically Significant Physiological Changes from Rapidly Administered Hypertonic Solutions: Acute Osmol Poisoning" (Pediatrics, 46:267, 1970) by Kravath, et al. is a valuable addition to the pediatric literature. In a series of interesting experiments the authors again document the potential dangers of rapid intravenous infusions of hypertonic solutions. However, the implication that the experiments so performed are necessarily applicable inthe human organism need some clarification. In considering the effects of an intravenous infusion in the human, three factors should be considered: (1) osmoiality, (2) volume, and (3) total dose.

scholarly journals Intravenous infusion of total dose iron is superior to oral iron in treatment of anemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: a single center comparative study.

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Intravenous Iron ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
Oral Iron ◽  
Human Erythropoietin ◽  
Oral Group

In the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure, the most common cause of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) resistance is iron deficiency. In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, oral iron therapy is an accepted and convenient method of iron supplementation. The effectiveness of oral iron, however, is limited by many factors, including gastrointestinal side effects and poor gastric absorption. This study prospectively compared the efficacy of single intravenous infusion of total dose iron (ITDI group) given in an outpatient setting with oral iron (oral group) for the treatment of anemia in PD patients. Twenty-five adult stable PD patients with baseline hematocrit 25 to 35% were entered into the study. Thirteen patients with serum transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 25% received ITDI, and 12 patients with TSAT between 25 and 35% received oral iron. One patient in the oral group received emergent blood transfusion and was excluded from analysis. Hematocrit and iron indices were measured at monthly intervals. Doses of rhEPO were adjusted monthly to maintain target hematocrit at 35%. At the end of the study (6 mo), despite similar baseline mean hematocrit (31.0 +/- 0.9 versus 33.0 +/- 1.0%), comparable mean baseline weekly rhEPO dose (7886 +/- 1449 versus 6370 +/- 1553 U/wk), and significantly lower level of mean TSAT (11.3 +/- 3.5 versus 30.1 +/- 3.5%; P < 0.05), the ITDI group when compared with the oral group had significantly higher mean hematocrit (36.0 +/- 1.0 versus 31.4 +/- 1.1%; P < 0.05) and TSAT (33.7 +/- 3.7 versus 22.6 +/- 4.0%; P < 0.05) values. In addition, the final mean dose of weekly rhEPO was significantly lower in the ITDI group (4799 +/- 981 versus 9998 +/- 1027 U/wk; P < 0.05). No patient in the ITDI group developed an adverse reaction to intravenous iron. It is concluded that ITDI represents a more efficacious method of iron supplementation in PD patients receiving rhEPO. Moreover, ITDI is safe and well tolerated and can be administered in an outpatient setting.

About the method of treatment of gonorrhea and its complications according to the method of O. Sachs'a

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
С. Yu. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Complete Cure ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Number Of Injections

O. Sachs, who for the first time proposed intravenous infusion of 20% sterile salicylic pagra solution for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris, recommends this method to be used in the treatment of gonorrhea, especially its complications. In total, he conducted 103 cases of gonorrhoid urethritis in this way, in the overwhelming number complicated by epididymitis, funiculitis and prostatitis. In 72 patients, he used exclusively intravenous infusions of salicylic sodium, and in the rest, he also used local therapy before, during and after the infusions. He received excellent results from this method of treatment. Out of 72 patients who used only intravenous infusions of salicylic sodium, complete cure was achieved in 39 cases (54.16%), improvement in 32 cases (44.44%), and a negative result in only one. The duration of treatment on average was 21.5 days, each patient had 6.5 injections, with an average amount of salicylic sodium administered in 18.9 grams. With combined treatment, the percentage of complete cure increases even more, but with a larger number of injections and a longer duration period of treatment.

Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Irinotecan and Docetaxel in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors: Preliminary Evidence of Clinical Activity

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1116-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex A. Adjei ◽  
Cheri E. Klein ◽  
Helen Kastrissios ◽  
Richard M. Goldberg ◽  
Steven R. Alberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Recommended Phase Ii Dose ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Dose Levels

PURPOSE: The goals of this study were to determine the maximum-tolerated dose and describe the toxicities of the combination of irinotecan and docetaxel administered every 3 weeks to patients with advanced malignancies and, also, to evaluate the effect of irinotecan on the disposition of docetaxel and describe preliminary evidence of antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients received 85 courses (median, two courses; range, one to 15 courses) of treatment with irinotecan, administered over 90 minutes by intravenous infusion, followed by docetaxel, administered over 60 minutes by intravenous infusion. Four escalating dose levels of irinotecan/docetaxel (160/50 mg/m2, 160/65 mg/m2, 200/65 mg/m2, and 200/75 mg/m2) were studied. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of irinotecan on the disposition of docetaxel. RESULTS: The most common and dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, which consisted of neutropenia that was severe (National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria [NCI CTC] grade 4) but brief (< 5 days) in 11 patients, with three episodes of febrile neutropenia. Nonhematologic toxicities of anorexia, nausea, and stomatitis were mild to moderate (NCI CTC grades 1 and 2), but there was one incidence each of both CTC grade 3 anorexia and nausea. All patients had total alopecia. Diarrhea was dose-dependent and severe in four patients who failed to take adequate antidiarrhea therapy. Five out of 16 assessable patients, one with cholangiocarcinoma, one with leiomyosarcoma, and three with non–small-cell lung cancer, achieved partial remissions. CONCLUSION: The combination of irinotecan and docetaxel causes significant reversible myelosuppression, which was dose limiting but led to no serious sequelae. There was no evidence of a clinically significant interaction using these two agents in this sequence. The combination showed antitumor activity at all the dose levels tested and should be further studied in a number of tumor types. The recommended phase II dose on this schedule is irinotecan 160 mg/m2 and docetaxel 65 mg/m2.

Ticarcillin: Pharmacokinetics in Man According to Different Administration Schedules

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Dalhoff ◽  
D Höffler
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Semisynthetic Penicillin ◽  
Steady State Serum ◽  
Administration Schedules

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ticarcillin, a semisynthetic penicillin more active than carbenicillin against Pseudomonas, were studied. Following a rapid intravenous infusion of 1 g, 2 g, 5 g and 10 g ticarcillin respectively the serum half-life was 72·4 minutes independent of the dosage administered. If ticarcillin is administered under steady-state conditions, e.g. continuous infusion of either 2 g/hr or 1 g/hr following a loading dose of 1 g (total dose 5 g) the average steady-state serum concentrations are 125 μg/ml and 105 μg/ml respectively.

Impermeability of the Blood—Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier for Angiotensin II in Rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (s3) ◽  
pp. 399s-402s ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schelling ◽  
J. S. Hutchinson ◽  
U. Ganten ◽  
G. Sponer ◽  
D. Ganten
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
Biochemical Methods ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Ventricular System ◽  
The Brain

1. Anaesthetized, nephrectomized rats were infused intravenously with unlabelled angiotensin II (AII) or with [3H]angiotensin II (3H-labelled AII). The brain ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The perfusate was collected from the cisterna magna and analysed for AII by radioimmunological and biochemical methods. 2. No increase of immunoreactive AII in cerebrospinal fluid could be shown during intravenous infusion of AII. 3. During intravenous infusions of 3H-labelled AII at pressor doses small amounts of radioactivity were found in cerebrospinal fluid perfusate. 4. The radioactivity of cerebrospinal fluid outflow could not be related to AII.

INHIBITION BY DEXAMETHASONE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN AND CORTISOL RELEASE INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF ATP AND DIBUTYRYL CYCLIC AMP IN PIGLETS

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. COOK ◽  
G. V. GILL ◽  
I. M. D. JACKSON ◽  
G. A. SMART
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Dibutyryl Cyclic Amp ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Consistent Increase ◽  
Cortisol Release ◽  
Corticosteroid Response

SUMMARY The effect of intravenous infusions of ATP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DB cyclic AMP) on adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and corticosteroid release was investigated in piglets. A consistent increase of both plasma ACTH and plasma cortisol was observed in response to infusions of 600 mg ATP/h. These responses were abolished by pretreating the animals with dexamethasone. A similar pattern of response was observed with DB cyclic AMP infused intravenously. No response occurred when 100 mg DB cyclic AMP were infused in 1 h, but there was a marked plasma corticosteroid response to an infusion of 600 mg DB cyclic AMP in 1 h. Surprisingly, this response was also abolished by pretreatment with dexamethasone.

Equivalent Analgesia and Side Effects during Epidural and Pharmacokinetically Tailored Intravenous Infusion with Matching Plasma Alfentanil Concentration 

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Coda ◽  
Mary Cleveland Brown ◽  
Linda BS Risler ◽  
Karen Syrjala ◽  
Danny D. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Upper And Lower Extremities ◽  
Intravenous Saline ◽  
End Tidal

Background Recently, several clinical studies comparing intravenous and epidural infusions of fentanyl and its derivatives suggested that epidural infusions act primarily by systemic absorption to produce supraspinal analgesia. To evaluate this hypothesis, the authors used pharmacokinetically tailored intravenous infusions to produce matching plasma alfentanil concentrations during epidural and intravenous administration. The analgesia and side effects achieved with each mode of administration were compared. Methods Twelve volunteers participated in this placebo-controlled crossover study. The pain model was cutaneous electric stimulation of the finger and toe. The test battery included subjective rating of pain intensity; end-tidal carbon dioxide level; pupil size; ratings of alertness, nausea, and pruritus; and a plasma alfentanil assay. On one test day, the participants received epidural alfentanil (400 microg bolus + a 400-microg/h infusion for 2 h) and an intravenous saline infusion. The test battery was administered at regular intervals. On another test day, the participants received epidural saline and a computer-controlled intravenous infusion of alfentanil. The testing protocol was repeated as on the first test day. On the day the placebo was administered, the participants received epidural and intravenous saline infusions. The order of the placebo day was randomized. Results Plasma alfentanil concentration-time profiles were identical during epidural and intravenous infusions. A nearly equivalent analgesic response was observed with epidural and intravenous alfentanil at the upper and lower extremities. There were no differences in side effects for epidural and intravenous administration. Conclusions The systemic redistribution of alfentanil accounts for most of the analgesia and effects produced by epidural infusion.

Effect of osmolar loading on stimulated gastric secretion in the dog

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don W. Powell ◽  
Basil I. Hirschowitz
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Gastric Secretion ◽  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Histamine Stimulation ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Intravenous Infusions

A study was made of the effects of intravenous infusions of 100-ml hypertonic (ca. 2,400 mosmoles/kg) solutions of NaCl, mannitol, and glucose on blood and gastric juice of five dogs during histamine stimulation. These were compared to control studies in the same dogs in which no infusion was given or in which isotonic NaCl was infused. Hypertonic solutions, regardless of chemical nature, acutely elevated plasma osmolality by 18–24 mosmoles/kg, raised gastric juice [H+] by 7–10 mEq/liter and [Cl–] by 6–9 mEq/liter. The output of volume, H+, Cl–, and pepsin, however, was unaffected. In the light of these findings the osmolality of the gastric mucosa is judged to be isotonic with plasma and extremely sensitive to external osmotic changes.

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