Epidemiologic Study of Infant Botulism in Pennsylvania: Report of the Infant Botulism Study Group

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-934
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Long
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Botulism ◽  
Low Prevalence

The majority of the almost 400 confirmed cases of infant botulism in the United States have occurred in California, Pennsylvania, and Utah. In Pennsyvania, 44 of 53 (83%) cases occurred within a geographic area of Southeastern Pennsylvania which represents one tenth of the Commonwealth's area and one third of the population at risk for infant botulism. In Southeastern Pennsylvania, a map of the residences of cases circumscribes a discrete ring around Philadelphia. A case-control study performed to seek host-related risk factors, identifies the significant associations of botulism with infants who are white, breast-fed, and born at term into two-parent families with hospitalization insurance. County control studies were performed to identify differences in host-related factors between areas of high and low prevalence of botulism. Although some "protection" could be afforded Philadelphia infants by their feeding and family characteristics, the differences in case rates between Philadelphia and the botulism "ring counties" cannot be explained entirely by host-related factors. Further, the absence of botulism in counties just outside of the botulism "ring," where infants were found to have identical potential risk factors, suggests that an uneven distribution of botulinal spores in the environment is the most significant determinant of case rate.

scholarly journals Cancer Epidemiology: A Survey of Modifiable Risk Factors for Prevention and Survivorship

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Arem ◽  
Erikka Loftfield
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Current State ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
And Control

Approximately 40% of men and women in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives. There have been dramatic developments in our understanding of cancer development and progression in recent decades, leading to improvements in screening and treatment, and in turn greater numbers of survivors living longer after diagnosis. Epidemiologic evidence of lifestyle-related factors and cancer risk and survival has been explored extensively in the published literature, with recommendations for cancer prevention and control and strategies for implementation evolving over time. This review summarizes the burden of cancer, general measurement issues in cancer epidemiology, and the current state of the science in specific lifestyle-related risk factors and cancer. It is estimated that one third to one half of cancers could be prevented by healthier lifestyle choices.

scholarly journals Reasons for Tooth Extractions and Related Risk Factors in Adult Patients: A Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2575
Author(s):  
Pier Carmine Passarelli ◽  
Stefano Pagnoni ◽  
Giovan Battista Piccirillo ◽  
Viviana Desantis ◽  
Michele Benegiamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Practice Methods ◽  
Tooth Extractions

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate oral status, the reasons for tooth extractions and related risk factors in adult patients attending a hospital dental practice. Methods: 120 consecutive patients ranging from 23 to 91 years in age (mean age of 63.3 ± 15.8) having a total of 554 teeth extracted were included. Surveys about general health status were conducted and potential risk factors such as smoking, diabetes and age were investigated. Results: a total of 1795 teeth were missing after extraction procedures and the mean number of remaining teeth after the extraction process was 16.8 ± 9.1 per patient. Caries (52.2%) was the most common reason for extraction along with periodontal disease (35.7%). Males were more prone to extractions, with 394 of the teeth extracted out of the total of 554 (71.1%). Male sex (β = 2.89; 95% CI 1.26, 4.53; p = 0.001) and smoking habit (β = 2.95; 95% CI 1.12, 4.79; p = 0.002) were related to a higher number of teeth extracted. Age (β = −0.24; 95% CI −0.31, −0.16; p < 0.001) and diabetes (β = −4.47; 95% CI −7.61, −1.33; p = 0.006) were related to a higher number of missing teeth at evaluation time. Moreover, periodontal disease was more common as a reason of extraction among diabetic patients than among non-diabetic ones (p = 0.04). Conclusions: caries and periodontal disease were the most common causes of extraction in a relatively old study population: further screening strategies might be required for the early interception of caries and periodontal disease.

Testing for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Adults Aged ≥18 in the United States, 2013-2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110472
Author(s):  
Hope King ◽  
J. E. Soh ◽  
William W. Thompson ◽  
Jessica Rogers Brown ◽  
Karina Rapposelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Hcv Testing

Objective Approximately 2.4 million people in the United States are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The objective of our study was to describe demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, liver disease–related risk factors, and modifiable health behaviors associated with self-reported testing for HCV infection among adults. Methods Using data on adult respondents aged ≥18 from the 2013-2017 National Health Interview Survey, we summarized descriptive data on sociodemographic characteristics and liver disease–related risk factors and stratified data by educational attainment. We used weighted logistic regression to examine predictors of HCV testing. Results During the study period, 11.7% (95% CI, 11.5%-12.0%) of adults reported ever being tested for HCV infection. Testing was higher in 2017 than in 2013 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.18-1.36). Adults with ≥some college were significantly more likely to report being tested (aOR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.52-1.69) than adults with ≤high school education. Among adults with ≤high school education (but not adults with ≥some college), those who did not have health insurance were less likely than those with private health insurance (aOR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68-0.89) to get tested, and non–US-born adults were less likely than US-born adults to get tested (aOR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68-0.87). Conclusions Rates of self-reported HCV testing increased from 2013 to 2017, but testing rates remained low. Demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and liver disease–related risk factors may affect HCV testing rates among adults. HCV testing must increase to achieve hepatitis C elimination targets.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury in Critical Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lunyang Hu ◽  
Baoli Wang ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Banghui Zhu ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Chronic Alcohol ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Chronic Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Critical Patients

Abstract Background: Until now, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) has been considered to be the leading cause of blood transfusion-related diseases and death. And there is no clinically effective treatment plan for TRALI. The aim of this study was to systematically summarize the literature on risk factors for TRALI in critical patients. Methods: Electronic searches (up to March 2020) were performed in the Cochrane Library, Web of Knowledge, Embase, and PubMed databases. We included studies reporting on the risk factors of TRALI for critical patients and extracted the risk factors. Finally, third studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: We summarized and analyzed the potential risk factors of TRALI for critical patients in 13 existing studies. The host-related factors were age (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval] = 1.16 [1.08-1.24]), sex (OR = 1.26 [1.16-1.38]), tobacco use status (OR = 3.82 [1.91-7.65]), chronic alcohol abuse (OR = 3.82 [2.97-26.83]), fluid balance (OR = 1.24 [1.08-1.42]), shock before transfusion (OR = 4.41 [2.38-8.20]), and ASA score of the recipients (OR = 2.72 [1.43-5.16]). The transfusion-related factors were the number of transfusions (OR = 1.40 [1.14-1.72]) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) units (OR = 1.21 [1.01-1.46]). The device-related factor was mechanical ventilation (OR = 4.13 [2.20-7.76]). Conclusions: The risk factors for TRALI in this study included age, sex, tobacco use, chronic alcohol abuse, fluid balance, shock before transfusion, ASA score, number of transfusions, FFP units and mechanical ventilation. Our study suggests that host-related risk factors play a more important role in the occurrence and development of TRALI than blood transfusion-related risk factors.

scholarly journals Low prevalence of infection by Sarcocystis neurona in horses from the State of Alagoas, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Regina Fonseca de Araújo Valença ◽  
Müller Ribeiro-Andrade ◽  
Gastón Moré ◽  
Pedro Paulo Feitosa de Albuquerque ◽  
José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Sarcocystis Neurona ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Serological Status ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Low Exposure ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Immunofluorescence Antibody Test ◽  
Immunofluorescence Antibody

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection by Sarcocystis neurona in horses and identify potential risk factors. Were analyzed 427 samples from 36 farms in 21 municipalities in the Alagoas State, Brazil. Presence of anti-S. neurona antibodies was diagnosed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and was confirmed using the immunoblot test. Risk factors were assessed through investigative questionnaires on animal management on the farms. The prevalence of anti-S.neurona antibodies was 2.8% (confidence interval, CI: 1.5-4.9%) from IFAT and 1.6% (CI:0.8-3.34%) from immunoblot, and there were positive horses on 16.6% of the studied farms. None of the variables studied presented associations with serological status for S. neurona. This is the first report on infection by S. neurona in horses reared in Alagoas, Brazil showing a low exposure to S. neurona in this region, but with significant numbers of foci.

scholarly journals Incidence and Survival Changes in Patients with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma during 1984–2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Haiyu ◽  
Pei Xiaofeng ◽  
Mo Xiangqiong ◽  
Qiu Junlan ◽  
Zheng Xiaobin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Purpose. The morbidity of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has significantly increased in Western countries. We aimed to identify trends in incidence and survival in patients with EAC in the recent 30 years and then analyzed potential risk factors, including race, sex, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods. All data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results or SEER database. Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model were conducted to compare the differences in survival between variables, including sex, race, age, and SES, as well as to evaluate the association of these factors with prognosis. Results. A total of 16,474 patients with EAC were identified from 1984 to 2013 in the United States. Overall incidence increased every 10 years from 1.8 to 3.1 to 3.9 per 100. Overall survival gradually improved (p<0.0001), which was evident in male patients ((hazard ratio (HR) = 1.111; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.07, 1.15)); however, the 5-year survival rate remained low (20.1%). The Cox proportional hazards model identified old age, black ethnicity, and medium/high poverty as risk factors for EAC (HR = 1.018; 95% CI (1.017, 1.019; HR = 1.240, 95% CI (1.151,1.336), HR = 1.000, 95% CI (1.000, 1.000); respectively). Conclusions. The incidence of EAC in the United States increased over time. Survival advantage was observed in white patients and patients in the low-poverty group. Sex was an independent prognostic factor for EAC, but this finding has to be confirmed by further research.

scholarly journals Prenatal and Postnatal Predictive Factors for Children’s Inattentive and Hyperactive Symptoms at 5 Years of Age: The Role of Early Family-related Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Huhdanpää ◽  
Isabel Morales-Muñoz ◽  
Eeva T. Aronen ◽  
Pirjo Pölkki ◽  
Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Authoritarian Parenting ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Authoritative Parenting Style

Abstract We examined several parent-reported prenatal and postnatal factors as potential risk factors for attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in 5-year-old children. Our study is based on the CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort. Several parental questionnaires were collected prenatally (32nd pregnancy week) and postnatally (i.e. child aged 3, 8, and 24 months and at 5 years). At 5 years of age, ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Our main results showed that being a boy, parental depressive symptoms, more negative family atmosphere or a child’s shorter sleep duration, and maternal authoritarian parenting style predicted inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Maternal and paternal authoritative parenting style predicted less inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Children with several risk factors together had the highest risk for inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Our findings emphasise the need for early screening and treatment of parental mental health, and early evidence-based targeted parental support, to enable early intervention in those children at a risk of developing ADHD.

The prevalence of hock lesions in UK dairy cattle and the significance of risk factors associated with the development of the condition

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
S Potterton ◽  
M Green ◽  
J Harris ◽  
K Millar ◽  
H Whay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
East Midlands ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Uk

The term hock lesion describes incidences of hair loss, thickened skin, wounds, scabs, and swellings occurring over the tarsal joint. Hock lesions in dairy cattle are a widespread problem around the world. In the UK, a recent study found approximately 99% of examined cows had at least some callused area over a hock (Haskell et al., 2006). The presence of hock lesions is correlated with injuries of the teat, carpal joints and skin, as well as increases in mobility score, high somatic cell counts, a greater incidence of clinical mastitis, and higher culling and annual death rates. Differences in the prevalence and severity of hock lesions according to the lying surface and cubicle design have been identified. Cow-related factors and management variables have also been postulated as possible risk factors. Recognition of the condition and practical solutions aimed at resolving it have however, been limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hock lesions in lactating cattle on dairy farms in the East Midlands of the UK, and the significance of potential risk factors in the development of the lesions.

Potential risk factors of pneumonitis associated with consolidation pembrolizumab after chemoradiation in unresectable NSCLC patients.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
Shahid Sattar Ahmed ◽  
Greg Andrew Durm ◽  
John Donatelli ◽  
Huan Yao ◽  
Yongmei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Unresectable Stage ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Ecog Ps ◽  
Nsclc Patients

167 Background: We have previously shown that consolidation pembrolizumab after chemoradiation is safe in a 93 patient-clinical trial of unresectable stage III NSCLC patients (Durm, ASCO 2016). However 15 patients (16%) developed grade ≥2 pneumonitis. There is limited data on risk factors for developing pneumonitis in this population. We conducted a retrospective review of these patients to identify potential clinical, biologic, radiographic and radiation treatment related risk factors for developing pneumonitis. Methods: We evaluated ECOG PS, age, gender, smoking status, stage, histology, chemo regimen, consolidation chemotherapy, TILs, PDL-1 status, PFTs, PET SUVs, grade of pre-existing ILD, COPD and Radiation dosimetry plans. Logistic regression and fisher’s-exact test were used for the odds ratio and p-values. Results: See Table. [1] [1] Age, histology, stage, chemo, PFTs, SUVs and PDL1 were not significant [2] n = sample size p = pneumonitis [3] Moderate/severe COPD was not seen in any patients with pneumonitis despite 94% of participants being smokers. Conclusions: This preliminary report highlights the utility of a multi-disciplinary approach to develop risk-stratification models for pneumonitis in an at-risk patient population. However larger prospective studies are needed to validate their meaningful use in the clinical setting.[Table: see text]

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