cancer epidemiology
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2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance H. Li ◽  
Syed Haider ◽  
Paul C. Boutros

AbstractCancer is often called a disease of aging. There are numerous ways in which cancer epidemiology and behaviour change with the age of the patient. The molecular bases for these relationships remain largely underexplored. To characterise them, we analyse age-associations in the nuclear and mitochondrial somatic mutational landscape of 20,033 tumours across 35 tumour-types. Age influences both the number of mutations in a tumour (0.077 mutations per megabase per year) and their evolutionary timing. Specific mutational signatures are associated with age, reflecting differences in exogenous and endogenous oncogenic processes such as a greater influence of tobacco use in the tumours of younger patients, but higher activity of DNA damage repair signatures in those of older patients. We find that known cancer driver genes such as CDKN2A and CREBBP are mutated in age-associated frequencies, and these alter the transcriptome and predict for clinical outcomes. These effects are most striking in brain cancers where alterations like SUFU loss and ATRX mutation are age-dependent prognostic biomarkers. Using three cancer datasets, we show that age shapes the somatic mutational landscape of cancer, with clinical implications.


Author(s):  
Salim Adib

Breast cancer (BC) has recently surpassed lung canceras the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide,with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 1 million deaths occurring in 2020. A steady ascension in BC incidence has been a remarkable feature in cancer epidemiology for almost a century, and has been reported in richer as well as poorer communities all over the world. This trend is no doubt associated with the ageing of the global population: “Each one-year increase of population ageing (is) associated with a nearly ½ year increase of age at BC diagnosis.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Fudalej ◽  
Anna Badowska-Kozakiewicz ◽  
Julia Pikul ◽  
Andrzej Deptała

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most predominant malignancies among the adult population. Most cases of CRC develop from non-malignant precursor lesions called adenomas over a long time, which provides an opportunity for prevention with screening programmes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness level concerning colorectal cancer epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, and prevention among young society in Poland. The knowledge was examined with an anonymous survey between February and March 2021. Statistical analysis was performed and differences were considered significant if the p-value obtained was smaller than the assumed level of significance p ≤ 0.05. Respondents were mostly female, living in a city, with a population of over 500 thousand. The study acquired information that might guide educators about knowledge deficit among young society in Poland. The results confirmed that education, family/friends history of CRC and a place of residence differentiate knowledge and awareness about CRC. They revealed a significant knowledge gap between rural and urban inhabitants as well as a medical and non-medical group.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Morales-Berstein ◽  
Daniel L McCartney ◽  
Ake T Lu ◽  
Konstantinos K Tsilidis ◽  
Emmanouil Bouras ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTBackgroundEpigenetic clocks have been associated with cancer risk in several observational studies. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether they play a causal role in cancer risk or if they act as a non-causal biomarker.MethodsWe conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine the genetically predicted effects of epigenetic age acceleration as measured by HannumAge (9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)), Horvath Intrinsic Age (24 SNPs), PhenoAge (11 SNPs) and GrimAge (4 SNPs) on multiple cancers (i.e., breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and lung cancer). We obtained genome-wide association data for biological ageing from a meta-analysis (N=34,710), and for cancer from the UK Biobank (N cases=2,671–13,879; N controls=173,493–372,016), FinnGen (N cases=719–8,401; N controls=74,685–174,006) and several international cancer genetic consortia (N cases=11,348–122,977; N controls=15,861–105,974). Main analyses were performed using multiplicative random effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) MR. Individual study estimates were pooled using fixed effect meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses included MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and Causal Analysis using Summary Effect Estimates (CAUSE) methods, which are robust to some of the assumptions of the IVW approach.ResultsMeta-analysed IVW MR findings suggested that higher GrimAge acceleration increased the risk of colorectal cancer (OR=1.12 per year increase in GrimAge acceleration, 95%CI 1.04–1.20, p=0.002). The direction of the genetically predicted effects was consistent across main and sensitivity MR analyses. Among subtypes, the genetically predicted effect of GrimAge acceleration was greater for colon cancer (IVW OR=1.15, 95%CI 1.09–1.21, p=0.006), than rectal cancer (IVW OR=1.05, 95%CI 0.97–1.13, p=0.24). We also found evidence that higher GrimAge acceleration decreased the risk of prostate cancer (pooled IVW OR=0.93 per year increase in GrimAge acceleration, 95%CI 0.87–0.99, p=0.02). This was supported by MR sensitivity analyses, but did not replicate in MR analyses using data on parental history of prostate cancer in UK Biobank (IVW OR=1.00, 95%CI 0.96–1.04, p=1.00). Results were less consistent for associations between other epigenetic clocks and cancers.ConclusionsGrimAge acceleration may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Additionally, there is more limited evidence that it may be protective against prostate cancer. Findings for other clocks and cancers were inconsistent. Further work is required to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the results.FundingFMB was supported by a Wellcome Trust PhD studentship in Molecular, Genetic and Lifecourse Epidemiology (218495/Z/19/Z). KKT was supported by a Cancer Research UK (C18281/A29019) programme grant (the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme) and by the Hellenic Republic’s Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship & Innovation” (OΠΣ 5047228). PH was supported by Cancer Research UK (C18281/A29019).RMM was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and by a Cancer Research UK (C18281/A29019) programme grant (the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. GDS and CLR were supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1 and MC_UU_00011/5) and by a Cancer Research UK (C18281/A29019) programme grant (the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme). REM was supported by an Alzheimer’s Society project grant (AS-PG-19b-010) and NIH grant (U01 AG-18-018, PI: Steve Horvath). RCR is a de Pass Vice Chancellor’s Research Fellow at the University of Bristol.


2021 ◽  
pp. 17-42
Author(s):  
Paolo Boffetta ◽  
Zuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
Carlo La Vecchia

Neoplasms continue to dominate globally as one of the major sources of human disease and death. There are multiple modifiable causes of cancer and understanding their attributable risk factors for each cancer is of importance. This chapter covers the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the experimental and epidemiological approaches as determinants of the main cancers. Even if major discoveries in the clinical management of cancer patients will be accomplished in the near future, the changes will mainly affect the affluent part of the world population. Promising approaches focused on prevention of the known causes, reducing its consequences, notably in resource-constrained settings are highlighted.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sanches ◽  
M Mesquita ◽  
J Barbosa ◽  
T Almeida ◽  
M Brandão ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
S. G. Klyuchareva

Cancer epidemiology was devoted to 2 breakout sessions with 26 reports by scientists from different countries and a special discussion organized by Doll (England), Clemmessen (Denmark) and Murray (South Africa).


Aging ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocio I.R. Macias ◽  
Maria J. Monte ◽  
Maria A. Serrano ◽  
Jesús M. González-Santiago ◽  
Isabel Martín-Arribas ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. S653-S654
Author(s):  
Effie M. Mathew ◽  
Brady Houtz ◽  
Muyi Li ◽  
Timothy J. Kuchera ◽  
Corey O'Brien ◽  
...  

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