Fetal and Infant Lead Exposure: Effects on Growth in Stature

The growth of a cohort of 260 infants was prospectively followed up from birth. Blood lead and stature measurements were obtained every 3 months until 15 months of age. Fetal lead exposure was indexed by measuring lead in maternal blood during pregnancy. A longitudinal analysis revealed that covariate adjusted growth rates in stature were negatively related to the infants' postnatal blood lead concentration, as indexed by increase in average blood lead values from 3 to 15 months. However, this relationship between growth rate and change in blood lead concentration was evidenced only among those infants whose mothers had prenatal blood lead levels greater than the maternal cohort median of 7.7 γg/dL (P = .01). The expected stature of a child born to a mother with a prenatal blood lead concentration more than 7.7 γg/dL is about 2 cm shorter at 15 months of age if, postnatally, the infant incurred a 10-γg/dL blood lead increase during the 3-to 15-month interval of life, compared with an infant who has no increase.

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Predicting the Children's Blood Lead Level in a Lead and Zinc Smelting Area Based on IEUBK Model

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.687 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1092-1093 ◽

pp. 687-691

Author(s):

Fei Chen ◽

Hong Guang Cheng ◽

Xiang Fen Cui

Keyword(s):

Lead Concentration ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Blood Lead Concentration ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Prediction Ability ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Lead And Zinc ◽

Zinc Smelting ◽

Lead Levels

According to environmental lead exposure data and dietary survey data of lead and zinc smelting area,blood lead levels of children (2~7years old) in study area were predicted with IEUBK model. The children's blood lead concentration predicted value was compared with the corresponding measured value,by comparing the differences, measured the prediction ability of model. The results showed that predicted value and measured value of 2~7 years old children's blood lead concentration in A village were higher than the other villages, they were 33.5μg/dL,30.8μg/dL, respectively; predicted value and measured value of 2~7 years old children's blood lead concentration in I village were the lowest among all villages,they were14.5μg/dL,13.1μg/dL, respectively.By paired T-test showed that the predicted value were higher than the measured value about 1.4~3.4μg/dL,model calculation results slightly overestimated the children's blood lead level.But in general, the predicted value and measured value had a good consistency,through the model prediction could better reflect the children's blood lead levels in the study area.

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Association of prenatal maternal blood lead levels with birth outcomes in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS): a nationwide birth cohort study

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyaa162 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yoshihito Goto ◽

Marie Mandai ◽

Takeo Nakayama ◽

Shin Yamazaki ◽

Shoji F Nakayama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Delivery ◽

Birth Outcomes ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Low Level ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Lead Levels ◽

Prenatal Lead Exposure

Abstract Background Despite dramatic declines in prenatal maternal blood lead levels (BLLs) in most developed countries, little is known about the effects of extremely low-level (<1.0 µg/dL) lead exposure on fetal growth. Methods We measured maternal BLL during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and assessed birth outcomes, including birthweight, preterm birth (<37 gestational weeks) risk, small for gestational age births (SGA; birthweight <10th percentile) and low birthweight (LBW; <2500 g). The association between birthweight and maternal BLL was estimated using linear and quadratic spline models. Multivariable logistic models were used to examine the risk of binary responses. Results From 103 099 pregnant women, 20 000 blood samples were randomly selected for analysis. The maternal BLL range was 0.16–7.4 µg/dL, and the median was 0.63 µg/dL. After adjusting for covariates, the linear model showed that each 0.1 μg/dL increase in maternal BLL was associated with a 5.4 g decrease in mean birthweight [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.4 to 7.5 g]. The risk of SGA [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.05) and LBW (aOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.05) increased, whereas the risk of preterm delivery did not (aOR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.02). Conclusions Even at a maternal BLL below 1.0 µg/dL, prenatal lead exposure was associated with decreased birthweight and increased risk of SGA and LBW, but not preterm delivery. The adverse effect estimates of prenatal lead exposure on birth outcomes were quantitatively small and clinically limited at this low level.

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Some Studies of Maternal and Infant Lead Exposure in Glasgow

Scottish Medical Journal ◽

10.1177/003693308202700203 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 113-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

M. R. Moore ◽

A. Goldberg ◽

S. J. Pocock ◽

A. Meredith ◽

I. M. Stewart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Lead Concentration ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Blood Lead Concentration ◽

Annual Fluctuation ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Environmental Lead Exposure

In two studies in the city of Glasgow, 236 mothers and their newly born infants and 117 mothers and their 6-weeks old children's environmental lead exposure were examined. In both studies blood lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with the cube root of the domestic water lead concentrations. In the first study, multiple regression analyses of maternal blood lead and cord blood lead concentrations on other variables showed a significant negative correlation with gestational age. It was also noted that there was an annual fluctuation in maternal blood lead concentration with highest values in the autumn. In the second study, similar relationships were found. Although there was no association between blood lead and sex, age, place of birth or feeding method, as in the previous study, a significant association between social class and blood lead was found. This could be explained on the basis of the significant correlation between water lead and social class. In those mothers who breast fed, breast milk lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with blood lead concentrations where breast milk lead was around one tenth of blood lead concentration. These studies emphasise the importance of water lead in the economy of environmental lead exposure to mothers and their unborn and newly born infants.

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Screening Housing to Prevent Lead Toxicity in Children

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/003335490512000315 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 120 (3) ◽

pp. 305-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Bruce P. Lanphear ◽

Richard Hornung ◽

Mona Ho

Keyword(s):

Predictive Value ◽

Lead Concentration ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Housing Condition ◽

Blood Lead Concentration ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Housing Characteristics ◽

Lead Levels ◽

Floor Dust ◽

Lead Hazards

Objective. Screening children to identify those with blood lead levels ⩾10 μg/d fails to protect children from lead-associated cognitive deficits and behavioral problems. To broaden our efforts at primary prevention, screening criteria are needed to identify lead-contaminated housing before children are unduly exposed. The purpose of this study was to identify and validate housing characteristics associated with children having elevated blood lead levels (⩾10 μg/dl). Methods. Two existing studies were used to examine housing characteristics linked with undue lead exposure: a cross-sectional study of 205 children aged 12 to 31 months, and a random sample from a longitudinal study of 276 children followed from 6 to 24 months of age. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of children's blood lead levels >10 μg/dl. Results. The mean age of the 481 children was 17.8 months; 99 (20.6%) had a blood lead concentration of 10 μg/dl or higher. The following characteristics were associated with blood lead concentration >10 μg/dl: floor lead loading >15 μg/ft2 (odds ratio [OR]=2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3, 3.8); rental housing (OR=3.2; 95% CI 1.3, 7.6); poor housing condition (OR=2.1; CI 1.2, 3.6); African American race (OR=3.3; CI 1.9, 6.1); paint chip ingestion (OR=5.8; CI 1.3, 26.5); and soil ingestion (OR=2.2; CI 1.1, 4.2). Housing characteristics including rental status, lead-contaminated floor dust, and housing condition had a range of sensitivity from 47% to 92%; specificity from 28% to 76%; a positive predictive value from 25% to 34%; and a negative predictive value of 85% to 93%. Conclusions. Housing characteristics and floor dust lead levels can be used to screen housing to identify lead hazards prior to occupancy, before purchasing a home, or after renovation to prevent children's exposure to lead hazards.

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A Study on the Association between Blood Lead Levels and Habitual Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Koreans with No Occupational Lead Exposure

Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.165 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 165 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ji Ung Park ◽

Se Won Oh ◽

Seung Hyun Kim ◽

Yang Hyun Kim ◽

Ryoung Jin Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Occupational Lead Exposure ◽

Lead Levels

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Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82435-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Man Fung Tsoi ◽

Chris Wai Hang Lo ◽

Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽

Bernard Man Yung Cheung

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

The United States ◽

Study Data ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Environmental Lead ◽

Lead Levels

AbstractLead is a heavy metal without a biological role. High level of lead exposure is known to be associated with hypertension, but the risk at low levels of exposure is uncertain. In this study, data from US NHANES 1999–2016 were analyzed. Adults with blood lead and blood pressure measurements, or self-reported hypertension diagnosis, were included. If not already diagnosed, hypertension was defined according to the AHA/ACC 2017 hypertension guideline. Results were analyzed using R statistics version 3.5.1 with sample weight adjustment. Logistic regression was used to study the association between blood lead level and hypertension. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. Altogether, 39,477 participants were included. Every doubling in blood lead level was associated with hypertension (OR [95%CI] 1.45 [1.40–1.50]), which remained significant after adjusting for demographics. Using quartile 1 as reference, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased adjusted odds of hypertension (Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 1.22 [1.09–1.36]; Quartile 3 vs. Quartile 1: 1.15 [1.04–1.28]; Quartile 2 vs. Quartile 1: 1.14 [1.05–1.25]). In conclusion, blood lead level is associated with hypertension in the general population with blood lead levels below 5 µg/dL. Our findings suggest that reducing present levels of environmental lead exposure may bring cardiovascular benefits by reducing blood pressure.

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