Contraception and Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Contraceptive Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Pediatricians should be active participants in the effort to reduce the negative consequences of adolescent sexual activity. Preventive measures include counseling teenagers and their families on responsible sexual decision-making, including abstinence, and providing contraceptive services for sexually active patients, when requested. In previous statements, the American Academy of Pediatrics has addressed the impact of adolescent pregnancy,1 counseling the pregnant adolescent,2 and management of sexually transmitted diseases.3 This statement provides information on adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior, and it presents guidelines for counseling teenagers on sexual activity and contraceptive methods, including abstinence. Because of differences in the needs and circumstances of each adolescent, the practitioner should use these guidelines to develop an individualized approach suitable for young persons. Due to concern about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, among other risks, a renewed emphasis on careful and informed decision-making regarding sexual activity is reflected in this revised statement. ADOLESCENT SEXUAL AND CONTRACEPTIVE BEHAVIOR Since 1970, there has been a distinct increase in the percentage of adolescents reporting nonmarital sexual activity. By 14 years of age, 10% to 20% of boys and 5% to 10% of girls report having had sexual intercourse. By 17 years of age, approximately half of all adolescents are reported to have had intercourse at least once. By 19 years of age, the majority are reported to have done so.4 The factors most strongly associated with age at first intercourse appear to be biology (age at onset of puberty), opportunity (dating behavior), peer group influences, personal expectations (academic achievement, educational goals, religiousness), and family characteristics (parental support and controls).5

scholarly journals The Effect of a 3-Minute Mindfulness Intervention, and the Mediating Role of Maximization, on Critical Incident Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Presley McGarry ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Catherine Stevens ◽  
Laurence J. Alison
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Mindfulness Intervention ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Emergency Responders ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveIn this study, we extend the impact of mindfulness to the concept of least-worst decision-making. Least-worst decisions involve high-uncertainty and require the individual to choose between a number of potentially negative courses of action. Research is increasingly exploring least-worst decisions, and real-world events (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) show the need for individuals to overcome uncertainty and commit to a least-worst course of action. From sports to business, researchers are increasingly showing that “being mindful” has a range of positive performance-related benefits. We hypothesized that mindfulness would improve least-worst decision-making because it would increase self-reflection and value identification. However, we also hypothesized that trait maximization (the tendency to attempt to choose the “best” course of action) would negatively interact with mindfulness.MethodsThree hundred and ninety-eight participants were recruited using Amazon MTurk and exposed to a brief mindfulness intervention or a control intervention (listening to an audiobook). After this intervention, participants completed the Least-Worst Uncertain Choice Inventory for Emergency Responders (LUCIFER).ResultsAs hypothesized, mindfulness increased decision-making speed and approach-tendencies. Conversely, for high-maximizers, increased mindfulness caused a slowing of the decision-making process and led to more avoidant choices.ConclusionsThis study shows the potential positive and negative consequences of mindfulness for least-worst decision-making, emphasizing the critical importance of individual differences when considering both the effect of mindfulness and interventions aimed at improving decision-making.

scholarly journals Social Aspects of the Consequences of Artificial Intelligence Decision Making in a Digital Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-108
Author(s):  
Sergey Neizvestny
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Training System ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Impact

In recent decades, almost all areas of human activity are undergoing rapid digitalization and the introduction of artificial intelligence, which fundamentally affect social relations within society. In addition to the obvious benefits of using human-like intelligence in the modern digital world, there may also be negative consequences associated, first of all, with the processes of making important, large-scale management decisions by the cyber-management of a digital society. The problem of the impact on social security of decision-making by artificial intelligence in a digital society has not been sufficiently studied. The article considers the main social aspects of the problems related to the consequences of artificial intelligence making decisions. The main focus is the impact of decisions made by cyber managers on the social stability of a digital society. Some features of the emerging social relations “human – artificial intelligence”, “Manager – Cyber-manager” are considered. Based on analyzing the impact of the consequences of decision-making by artificial intelligence on social relations, a number of changes in the training system for digitalization processes are proposed, and requirements for the competence of specialists in developing and operating human-like intelligence are formulated. Based on the practical requirements of the modern IT sphere, the author has developed and introduced into the educational process a number of cycles of interdisciplinary lectures and practical seminars for future IT specialists in a digital society. A number of solutions to pedagogical problems related to the development of the analytical and creative abilities of future specialists, of architects and developers of cyber-systems and of managerial decision-making are proposed.

scholarly journals Legal status of thinking in virtual space

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Andrej Aryamov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the authors based on the basic provisions of cognitive psychology and the General theory of risky decision-making (risk management section) investigated the specifics of the influence of the modern digital environment on the psychology of thinking of a person acting in a risky situation. The main parameters of the impact of digital technology on perception of information, its selection, memory, goal setting will and emotions of the human mind (not only personal but also collective); and also the limits of the impact of digital technology on decision-making person. The author studies the specifics of the influence of personal factors on the process of generating a strong-willed decision, the risks associated with this circumstance, and the potential of digital resources tools in terms of minimizing negative consequences and hedging such risks.

scholarly journals Regulatory Resources and Person’s Life Plans under Uncertainty Conditions during COVID-19 Lockdown in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Nailya G. Kondratyuk ◽  
Igor Y. Tsyganov ◽  
Irina M. Kolesnikova ◽  
Varvara I. Morosanova
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Life Plans ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Regulation Development ◽  
The Impact

The research considers the problem of regulatory resources of the personal life plans in uncertain and unpredictable situations on the material of the COVID-19 pandemic spread in the world and in Russia. The study was conducted during a lockdown in Russia, in an online format, with the help of the Tilda Publishing block website builder and the Google Forms survey administration software. The study sample included 165 respondents aged 16 to 56 years. The Self-regulation Profile Questionnaire - SRPQM 2020 , The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D , and the authors questionnaire which includes a number of questions related to personal life plans and professional/educational curriculum were used for diagnose. The study results demonstrated that the higher conscious self-regulation development is associated with the higher person's clarity and understanding of the future plans, the more stable career path (including professional and educational goals), and the less actual depressive symptoms. And vice versa: the low level of the conscious self-regulation development correlates with the difficulties with considering the life plans, the fickleness of professional and educational goals, being affected by external factors, and with the pronounced actual manifestations of depression. The data obtained contribute to the development of ideas about the conscious self-regulation phenomenon and human regulatory resources ensuring stability of the personal life plans in situations of uncertainty and serving as a buffer that softens the impact of external stress factors and neutralizes their possible negative consequences.

Ethical decision making in counterfeit purchase situations: the influence of moral awareness and moral emotions on moral judgment and purchase intentions

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis F. Martinez ◽  
Dorothea S. Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Moral Awareness ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Counterfeiting is an increasingly global phenomenon that threatens the economy as a whole and also presents a risk for the consumers. The purpose of this study is to explore moral emotions along with moral awareness and moral judgment with respect to their influence in the consumption of counterfeits. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire was distributed among participants (n = 225) who were asked to respond to a counterfeit purchase scenario. Findings Results highlight the importance of moral awareness as an essential element of moral decision-making. Also, moral emotions were found to influence moral judgment as well as purchase intention. Research limitations/implications A limitation refers to the fact that a scenario was used to evoke participants’ emotional responses. Although the situation was realistic and the majority of the people could very well imagine experiencing the reported scenario, results might change in an actual purchase situation. Practical Implications This study’s findings may be particularly relevant for authorities and educators who design campaigns to curtail counterfeit consumption, thus seeking to encourage consumers to recognize the several negative consequences that result from counterfeiting behavior. Originality/value This is one of the few studies that examine the impact of cognitive and emotional influences in a counterfeit purchase decision. Fighting this problem requires an in-depth understanding of consumers’ motivations and how they feel about engaging in this morally questionable behavior.

scholarly journals Shades of grey: how and why we make mistakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-145
Author(s):  
A. A. Uchevatkin ◽  
A. L. Yudin ◽  
N. I. Afanas'yeva ◽  
E. A. Yumatova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: to consider the epidemiology and classification of errors in radiologic diagnostics.Materials and methods. The analysis of articles devoted to elucidating the possible causes of diagnostic errors published before 2019 is carried out. A retrospective analysis of the research results revealed the most frequent cognitive biases affecting clinical decision making. Strategies have been developed to combat these distortions, which minimize the likelihood of errors.Discussion. Image analysis by doctors is a complex work based on a combination of psychophysiological and cognitive processes, which in itself is subject to a wide variety of errors, including perception errors (when pathological changes are simply skipped) and cognitive errors (those cases when pathological changes are detected visually but incorrectly interpreted). Although some of the changes in the radiation images may be skipped due to technical or physical limitations of the modality (resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, artifacts, etc.), most diagnostic discrepancies are associated with an incorrect interpretation of the findings by radiologists.Conclusions. Cognitive distortions can significantly affect the process of making diagnostic decisions, and lead to medical errors and negative consequences for patients. Various cognitive strategies and metacognitive practices can help minimize the impact of bias on decision making and reduce the frequency of diagnostic errors. Knowing one’s limitations and possibilities in interpreting radiation research, as well as understanding the role of the radiologist in the formation of the final diagnosis and, accordingly, in the fate of the patient, can lead to a more thoughtful analysis of images and clinical information and improve the quality of the diagnostic decision-making process.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

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