The intensity of ethylene release by soybean plants under the influence of fungicides in the early stages of legume-rhizobial symbiosis

The effect of pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with fungicides on the intensity of ethylene release, the processes of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in different symbiotic systems in the early stages of ontogenesis were investigated. The objects of the study were selected symbiotic systems formed with the participation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Diamond variety, strains Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b (active, virulent) and 604k (inactive, highly virulent) and fungicides Maxim XL 035 PS (fludioxonil, 25 g/L, metalaxyl, 10 g/L), and Standak Top (fipronil, 250 g/L, thiophanate methyl, 225 g/L, piraclostrobin, 25 g/L). Before sowing, the seeds of soybean were treated with solutions of fungicides, calculated on the basis of one rate of expenditure of the active substance of each preparation indicated by the producer per ton of seed. One part of the seeds treated with fungicides was inoculated with rhizobium culture for 1 h (the titre of bacteria was 107 cells/mL). To conduct the research we used microbiological, physiological, biochemical methods, gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. It is found that, regardless of the effectiveness of soybean rhizobial symbiosis, the highest level of ethylene release by plants was observed in the stages of primordial leaf and first true leaf. This is due to the initial processes of nodulation – the laying of nodule primordia and the active formation of nodules on the roots of soybeans. The results show that with the participation of fungicides in different symbiotic systems, there are characteristic changes in phytohormone synthesis in the primordial leaf stage, when the nodule primordia are planted on the root system of plants. In particular, in the ineffective symbiotic system, the intensity of phytohormone release decreases, while in the effective symbiotic system it increases. At the same time, a decrease in the number of nodules on soybean roots inoculated with an inactive highly virulent rhizobia 604k strain due to the action of fungicides and an increase in their number in variants with co-treatment of fungicides and active virulent strain 634b into the stage of the second true leaf were revealed. It was shown that despite a decrease in the mass of root nodules, there is an increase in their nitrogen-fixing activity in an effective symbiotic system with the participation of fungicides in the stage of the second true leaf. The highest intensity of ethylene release in both symbiotic systems was recorded in the stage of the first true leaf, which decreased in the stage of the second true leaf and was independent of the nature of the action of the active substances of fungicides. The obtained data prove that the action of fungicides changes the synthesis of ethylene by soybean plants, as well as the processes of nodulation and nitrogen fixation, which depend on the efficiency of the formed soybean-rhizobial systems and their ability to realize their symbiotic potential under appropriate growing conditions.

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Secondary Aerenchyma Formation and its Relation to Nitrogen Fixation in Root Nodules of Soybean Plants (Glycine max) Grown under Flooded Conditions

Plant Production Science ◽

10.1626/pps.5.294 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 294-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Satoshi Shimamura ◽

Toshihiro Mochizuki ◽

Youichi Nada ◽

Masataka Fukuyama

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Aerenchyma Formation ◽

Soybean Plants

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Realization of protective and symbiotic properties of soybeans using fungicide seed treatment

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp8.02.024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 24-35

Author(s):

T. Mamenko ◽

S. Kots ◽

V. Patyka

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Ascorbate Peroxidase ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Nodule Bacteria ◽

Early Stages ◽

Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽

Seed Inoculation ◽

Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽

Peroxidation Processes

Aim. The elaboration of efficient legume-rhizobial symbiosis systems, involving active strains of nodule bacteria, in the combination with fungicide seed treatment may be an alternative method of providing ecologically friendly nitrogen sources to plants and promoting their tolerance to the external factors, which is relevant for preservation and restoration of envi- ronmental quality. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the impact of pre-sowing seed treatment with fungi- cides, which differ in the action spectrum of active substances – Standak Top (fipronil, 250 g/l, thiophanate-methyl, 225 g/l, pyraclostrobin, 25 g/l) and Maxim XL (fludioxonyl, 25 g/l, metalaxyl, 10 g/l), on the intensity of the development of lipid peroxidation processes, the activity of antioxidant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase and nitrogen fixation activity in soybeans on the early stages of forming legume-rhizobial symbiosis. Methods. Microbiological (cultivation of a bacterial culture, seed inoculation), physiological (vegetative experiment), biochemical (spectrophotometric determination of the content of lipid peroxidation products and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase; measuring the nitrogen-fixation activity using a gas chro- matography). Results. It was found that pre-sowing fungicide treatment of soybean seeds and subsequent inoculation with active rhizobia of strain 634b did not result in the change in the content of TBA-active products in roots and root nodules (the values of indices were within the experiment deviation). At the same time, after seed inoculation using rhizobia and treat- ment with Maxim XL, there was an increase in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase in the roots from 20.3 to 30.8 %, and with Standak Top – from 20.0 to 29.8 % during the early stages of ontogenesis till the formation of the third ternate leaf. Here, the activity of the enzyme in root nodules increased by 24.7–40.3 % at the fungicidal effect. Our data demonstrate that the combination of fungicide seed treatment and inoculation with active rhizobia does not induce lipid peroxidation processes, but promotes the initiation of protective antioxidant properties in soybeans. It is accompanied with efficient functioning of the symbiotic apparatus, which is manifested in the increase in nitrogen-fixing activity of nodule bacteria, formed by active rhizobia of strain 634b after the seed treatment with Standak Top – by 98.3 and 78.1 % and after Maxim XL – by 78.6 and 196.2 % respectively, during the stages of the second and third ternate leaves. Conclusions. The pre-sowing soybean seed treatment with fungicides Standak Top and Maxim XL and the subsequent inoculation with active rhizobia of strain 634b does not induce the development of lipid peroxidation processes, but increases the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, ascor- bate peroxidase, in the roots and root nodules, which is accompanied with the efficient work of the symbiotic apparatus on the early stages of determining legume-rhizobial symbiosis. This method of seed treatment may be a novel measure, to use in the technologies of cultivating soybeans to enhance the realization of the symbiotic potential and meet the needs of plants in ecologically friendly nitrogen, and to promote the formation of their tolerance to the corresponding cultivation conditions.

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Isolation and Enumeration of Bradyrhizobium Species Dwelling In the Root Nodules of Soybean Plant

UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) ◽

10.47430/ujmr.2052.003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 17-25

Author(s):

Ishaq Z. ◽

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Root Nodule ◽

Low Cost ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Selective Medium ◽

Soybean Plant ◽

Plant Infection ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Biological Nitrogen

Biological Nitrogen fixation is one of the important aspects of organic agriculture gaining considerable attention globally. Information about the number of viable indigenous Bradyrhizobia in soils planted with legumes and their capacity to nodulate is a valuable tool in developing strategies to improve biological nitrogen fixation. Such strategies could potentially lead to increased soybean yields at low cost. This study was conducted to isolate and enumerate Bradyrizobium species dwelling in the root nodule of soybean plant using Bradyrhizobium japonicum selective medium (BJSM). Twenty (20) strains of Bradyrizobium species were isolated from the root nodules of soybean plants harvested from Ahmadu Bello University farm site, located at Bomo district of Sabongari local government area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. This was achieved using the streak method of isolation on BJSM. Ninety percent (18) of these isolates were confirmed as Bradyrizobium species using the plant infection test as they were able to nodulate the roots of soybean plants. The enumeration of the indigenous Bradyrizobium species gave a count ranging from 2.07x105 - 4.0x106 CFU/mL. Thus, the number of Bradyrhizobia obtained in the soil of this study is sufficient to achieve satisfactory results on nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Key words: Soybean, Bradyrhizobium species, Nodulation, Nitrogen fixation

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PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERACTION OF SOYBEAN PLANTS AND NEW TN-5 MUTANTS OF BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM

Agriciltural microbiology ◽

10.35868/1997-3004.8.52-61 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 52-61

Author(s):

V.K. Datsenko ◽

V.M. Mel’nyk ◽

S.Ya. Kots ◽

S.V. Omel’chuk

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Direct Relationship ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Symbiotic Properties ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Highly Virulent

The influence of soybean seeds inoculation with Tn-5 mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with polar symbiotic properties on symbiosis efficiency, photosynthetic intensity and activity of antioxidant enzymes in root nodules of host plant was studied. Most of the selected mutants were highly virulent, but as was shown there were no considerable correlation between studied parameters. The direct relationship of nitrogen fixation activity of roots nodules and photosynthesis intensity of host plant was established. The two types of dynamics of theses processes were determined with their maximum values in blooming and flowering stages, respectively.

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Influence of fungicides on activities of enzymes of phenolic metabolism in the early stages of formation and functioning of soybean symbiotic apparatus

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/021917 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 111-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. P. Mamenko ◽

Y. O. Khomenko ◽

S. Y. Kots

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase ◽

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Oxidase Activity ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Symbiotic System ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase Activity ◽

Phenolic Metabolism ◽

Early Stages

We studied the effect of complex seed treatment with fungicides and rhizobium culture on the activity of phenolic metabolism enzymes – polyphenol oxidase and guaiacol peroxidase in the early stages of the formation and functioning of various symbiotic systems Glycine max – Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In the research we used microbiological, physiological, biochemical methods, gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. The objects of the study were selected symbiotic systems formed with the participation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Diamond variety, strains Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b (active, virulent) and 604k (inactive, highly virulent) and fungicides Maxim XL 035 PS (fludioxonil, 25 g/L, metalaxyl, 10 g/L), and Standak Top (fipronil, 250 g/L, thiophanate methyl, 225 g/L, piraclostrobin, 25 g/L). Before sowing, the seeds of soybean were treated with solutions of fungicides, calculated on the basis of one rate of expenditure of the active substance of each preparation indicated by the producer per ton of seed. One part of the seeds treated with fungicides was inoculated with rhizobium culture for 1 h (the titre of bacteria was 108 cells in 1 ml). The other part of the fungicide-treated seeds was not inoculated by rhizobium culture. As a result of the research, it was revealed that an effective symbiotic system formed with the participation of soybean plants and the active strain rhizobia 634b is characterized by a high level of polyphenol oxidase activity and low guaiacol peroxidase in roots and root nodules in the stages of second and third true leaves. Such changes in the activity of enzymes occurred along with the formation of nodules which actively fixed the molecular nitrogen of the atmosphere. An ineffective symbiotic system (strain 604k) is characterized by an elevated level of polyphenol oxidase activity in the roots and guaiacol peroxidase in the root nodules, which is accompanied by activation of the process of nodulation. Treatment of soybean seeds with fungicides in an effective symbiotic system leads to a change in the activity of the enzymes of the phenolic metabolism, which induced adaptive changes in plant metabolism and growth of nitrogenase activity of the root nodules. The recorded changes in the activity of both enzymes for the action of fungicides in the ineffective symbiotic system can be considered as a kind of response of the plant to the treatment and were observed along with the reduction of the processes of nodulation into the stage of the third true leaf.

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Efficiency of formation and functioning of the symbiotic soybean system with glyphosate treatment

Biological Systems: Theory and Innovation ◽

10.31548/biologiya2021.01.008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

I. Gumeniuk ◽

◽

A. Levishko ◽

O. Demyanyuk ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Direct Action ◽

High Rate ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Symbiotic System ◽

Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽

Fixation Activity ◽

Late Treatment ◽

Soybean Plants

The efficiency of the formation and functioning of the soybean symbiotic system during the crops treatment with glyphosate and pre-sowing seed inoculation with different strains of Bradyrhizobium in the field studied. It is known, that glyphosate can affect symbiotic nitrogen fixation through direct action on rhizobia and symbiotic formations, we took plant samples for analysis after four weeks of glyphosate treatment and determined the aboveground mass of plants and symbiotic apparatus formation evaluated by the number of nodules, their mass and nitrogen fixation activity. It was shown that the late treatment (35 days after sowing) with glyphosate does not provide a sufficient level of weed control and under such conditions inhibits the development and growth of soybean plants, reduces the growth of aboveground and root mass. Treatment of plants with glyphosate before the formation of symbiotic apparatus (21 days after sowing) reduces nitrogen fixation activity by 3550%, but it does not have a significant effect on the formation of soybean yield. The obtained results confirmed the hypothesis of intensification of the nitrogen complex during late treatment of plants with glyphosate in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain EL-35 and the composition of strains of B. japonicum EM-24 and B. japonicum EL-35. The most effective for inoculation of soybean plants was a mixture of the studied strains of B. japonicum EM-24 and B. japonicum EL-35, which provides high nitrogen fixation activity and productivity. Therefore, to reduce the negative impact of glyphosate on the nitrogen fixation activity of symbiotic systems and to obtain high soybean productivity, it is necessary to select rhizobia strains with a high rate of symbiotic system formation, because even a slight decrease in nitrogen fixation can have long-term negative consequences.

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COMPOSITION OF STRAINS BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM AND ITS USE FOR SOYBEAN INOCULATION

Agriciltural microbiology ◽

10.35868/1997-3004.24.29-36 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

D. V. Krutylo

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Molecular Nitrogen ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Nodule Bacteria ◽

Symbiotic System ◽

Combined Use ◽

Soybean Plants

In the vegetation experiment conditions it was established that the greatest effect of soybean bacterization can be obtained by two strains of nodule bacteria with slow (Bradyrhizobium japonicum 46) and intensive (B. japonicum КВ11) growth rates when these strains used in inoculum in the ratio 1 : 1 (binary composition). In compared to the mono-inoculation the combined use of these strains contributed the formation of balanced symbiotic system, increase the level of molecular nitrogen fixation, content of chlorophyll in the biomass leaves and above ground mass of different soybean plants varieties on 7.8–19.6 %. In a field experiment inoculation of soybean seeds with a composition of B. japonicum strains to increase the soybean yields by 11.1–13.7 % compared to the mono-inoculation.

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EFFECT OF GOAT’S-RUE RHIZOBIA ON THE FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE SOYBEAN – BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM 634B SYMBIOSIS

Agriciltural microbiology ◽

10.35868/1997-3004.29.29-36 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

N. M. Melnykova ◽

S. Ya. Kots

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Root System ◽

Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

Nodule Bacteria ◽

Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽

Soybean Nodule ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Observation Period

Objective. Study the peculiarities of nodule formation upon the formation of the symbiotic sys-tem soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b, as well as the symbiotic nitrogen-fixation ability and plant growth and development under the influence of goat’s-rue rhizobia. Methods. Microbiologi-cal, physiological, statistical, gas chromatography. Results. In green house experiments, using sand as a substrate for growing plants, the mixed microbial cultures combining soybean nodule bacteria B. japonicum 634b and goat’s-rue nodule bacteria R. galegae 0702 or R. galegae 0703 in the ratio of 1 : 1 differed from the monoculture bradyrhizobium by their influence on the nodulation, nitro-gen-fixation ability of soybean-rhizobial symbiosis and development of soybean plants (variety Almaz). Increased nodulation activity in the primordial leaf and budding phases, as well as a signif-icant decrease in the level of symbiosis nitrogen fixation during budding, were observed when used in binary bacterial compositions of strain R. galegae 0703. These rhizobia of goat’s-rue suppressed the development of the root system of soybeans, but had no significant effect on the formation of the aerial part of the plants throughout the observation period. R. galegae 0702 strain slightly slowed the formation of nodules by bacteria in the primordial leaf phase, which caused a decrease in the number of soybean plants that formed symbiosis with B. japonicum 634b. Goat’s-rue nodule bacte-ria R. galegae 0702 improved the formation of the root system, and stimulated the growth and de-velopment of the aerial part of the macro symbiont in the phase of two trigeminal leaves. Conclu-sion. Combined inoculation of the rhizobia of goat’s-rue with nodule bacteria B. japonicum 634b showed a multidirectional effect on the formation of symbiosis by soybean plants of variety Almaz and functioning of soybean rhizobial symbiosis. The nature of the influence of R. galegae depended on their strain affiliation.

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